60 research outputs found
Results of studying pro- and anti-atherogenic immune factors in the persons chronically exposed to ionising radiation
It is well established that cohorts of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation exhibit increased risks for cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the role of immune system in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is actively studied. Meanwhile, the immunomodulatory effects of irradiation in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the persons exposed to ionizing radiation still remain unclear. The aim of this research was to study the effect of ionizing radiation upon lymphocyte subpopulations involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in peripheral blood of the workers chronically exposed to occupational combined radiation versus a control group. The study considered 72 workers of the Russian nuclear production facility, the Mayak Industrial Association (mean age of 72.1Β±10.9 years), and 72 control individuals (mean age of 70.7Β±9.2 years). All the workers were chronically exposed to combined radiation (external gamma-rays and internal alpha-particles). The mean cumulative dose absorbed by red bone marrow from external gamma-ray exposure was 0.750Β±0.699 Gy; the mean cumulative absorbed dose to red bone marrow from internal alpha-particles was 0.072Β±0.092 Gy. The relative and absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations (total T-cells, T-helpers, T-cytotoxic, total B-cells, NK-cells and T-NK-cells) were detected by flow cytofluorometry. The absolute number of CD3+CD19+T-lymphocytes was significantly lower in the individuals exposed to chronic irradiation, compared with the controls (1658.8Β±694.3 x 106/l and 1988.4Β±1045.4 x 106/l, respectively). The relative number of CD3+CD4+T-helpers and CD3+CD8+T-cytotoxic lymphocytes was significantly higher in individuals exposed to chronic irradiation. Relative number of T-helpers in the main group was 42.4Β±8.8% vs 35.3Β±8.7% in controls; the relative number of T-cytotoxic lymphocytes was 27.6Β±9.5%, and 23.3Β±6.5%, respectively. A significant negative correlation was revealed between absolute number of T-lymphocytes and cumulative absorbed doses to bone marrow from external gamma irradiation (correlation quotient r = -0,53565, p = 0,000001) and internal alpha sources (r = -0.54804, p = 0.0000006). This correlation may indicate a relationship between these changes (decreased absolute numbers of T cells) and occupational exposure rates. The increased relative number of T-helpers and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes confirm an assumption that specific antigens may cause an enhanced immune response during the development of atherosclerosis in exposed individuals
Is Lone Hypertension a Risk Factor for More Severe COVID-19 Outcomes?
Background
Based on current evidence, it is not clear whether lone hypertension increases the risk for severe illness from COVID-19, or if increased risk is mainly associated with age, obesity and diabetes. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether lone hypertension is associated with increase mortality or a more severe course of COVID-19, and if treatment and control of hypertension mitigates this risk.
Methods
This is a prospective multi-center observational cohort study with 30-day outcomes of 9,531 consecutive SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients β₯ 18 years old (41.9 Β± 9.7 years, 49.2% male), Uzbekistan, June 1-September 30, 2020. Patients were subclassified according to JNC8 criteria into six blood pressure stages. Univariable and multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine how variables predict outcomes.
Results
The 30-days all-cause mortality was 1.18% (n = 112) in the whole cohort. After adjusting for age, sex, history of myocardial infarction (MI), type-2 diabetes, and obesity, none of six JNC8 groups showed any significant difference in all-cause mortality. However, age was associated with an increased risk of 30-days all-cause mortality (OR = 1.09, 95%CI [1.07-1.12], p < 0.001), obesity (OR = 7.18, 95% CI [4.18-12.44], p < 0.001), diabetes (OR 4.18, 95% CI [2.58-6.76], p < 0.001), and history of MI (OR = 2.68, 95% CI [1.67-4.31], p < 0.001). In the sensitivity test, being β₯ 65 years old increased mortality 10.56-fold (95% CI [5.89-18.92], p < 0.001). Hospital admission was 12.4% (n = 1,183), ICU admission 1.38% (n = 132). The odds of hospitalization increased having stage-2 untreated hypertension (OR = 4.51, 95%CI [3.21-6.32], p < 0.001), stage-1 untreated hypertension (OR = 1.97, 95%CI [1.52-2.56], p < 0.001), and elevated blood pressure (OR = 1.82, 95% CI [1.42-2.34], p < 0.001). Neither stage-1 nor stage-2 treated hypertension patients were at statistically significant increased risk for hospitalization after adjusting for confounders. Presenting with stage-2 untreated hypertension increased the odds of ICU admission (OR = 3.05, 95 %CI [1.57-5.93], p = 0.001).
Conclusions
Lone hypertension did not increase COVID-19 mortality or in treated patients risk of hospitalization
Immunomorphological characteristics markers of apoptosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma at workers of plutonium manufacture
This work is aimed to identify changes in levels of apoptosis and cell proliferation markers in pulmonary tumour tissues in workers following occupational radiation exposure. We analyzed immune and morphological specific characteristics of apoptosis system using autopsy samples of 40 pulmonary adenocarcinomas including 22 samples from Mayak PA radiation workers. Levels of apoptosis regulating proteins were shown to differ considerably in pulmonary adenocarcinoma foci of plutonium workers internally exposed to alpha-particles compared to those in occupationally unexposed individuals.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ 40 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ 22 ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ». ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ°Π³Π°Ρ
Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms. Main causes inducing this type of cancer are factors related to the life style and occupational exposures to chemical agents. Some studies demonstrated an association of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality with ionizing radiation. The aim of the present study was to assess the trend in colorectal cancer incidence in a cohort of nuclear workers employed at the Mayak Production Association who had been exposed to ionizing radiation over prolonged periods. The cohort comprised 22,377 workers (25% of females) employed at one of the main plants (reactors, radiochemical and plutonium production plants) of the Mayak Production Association in 1948-1982 who had been externally exposed to gamma rays (cumulative absorbed colon doses were 0β5.85 Gy with the corresponding median dose of 0.16 Gy) and those who had inhaled aerosols containing plutonium particles had been also internally exposed to alpha radiation (cumulative absorbed colon doses were 0β0.18 Gy with the corresponding median dose of 0.0002 Gy). Over the period of 1948β2018, 239 colon cancers and 186 rectum cancers were diagnosed in the study cohort. The incidence of colorectal malignancies among workers of the study cohort was shown to increase with age above 50. Age-standardized incidence rates were higher in males than in females. The time trend analysis of age-standardized rates of colorectal malignancies among workers of the study cohort was performed using a spline regression. The trend of age-standardized rates of colorectal cancer incidence in the Mayak Production Association workers over the analyzed period was nonmonotonic. In general, the average annual percent change of incidence growth for colon cancer was less than 0.1% (for both sexes), while the corresponding estimates for rectum cancer were 1.1% in males and 30.3% in females. To assess the effect of occupational radiation exposure on the incidence of colorectal malignancies, a radiogenic risk analysis that would take into account non-radiation risk factors should be performed.Π Π°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ β ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠ°Ρк»», ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° 22 377 ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (25% β ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ), Π½Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ» (ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΠΉ) Π² 1948β1982 Π³Π³., ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ 0β5,85 ΠΡ, ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π° 0,16 ΠΡ), Π° Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ 0β0,18 ΠΡ, ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π° 0,0002 ΠΡ). Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ 1948β2018 Π³Π³. Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 239 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ 186 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 50 Π»Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΉΠ½-ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ» Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π² 2014β2018 Π³Π³. ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 0,1% (ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°), Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ 1,1%, Π° Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π» 30,3%. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²
Characteristics of malignant neoplasms of the hepatobiliary system in the cohort of occupationally-exposed workers
The aim of the study was to describe cases of hepatobiliary system disease in the cohort of employees hired at the main plants of FSUE Mayak Production Association (PA Β«MayakΒ») in 1948- 1982, who were exposed to occupational chronic radiationΠ¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΠΠ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π½Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ» (ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ») Π² 1948β1982 Π³Π³., ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ» ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ
Assessment of the impact of radiation exposure on human lifetime is an actual problem in radiation medicine. The aim of the study was to assess lifetime in Mayak PA workers who had developed acute radiation syndrome following accidental acute high-dose external exposure and in those individuals who had taken part in nuclear accidents but had not developed the syndrome. Study analyses considered 58 deceased Mayak PA workers (50 males and 8 females) and were performed using STATISTICA 10 software. Five indicators of lifetime were studied: static β before and after acute exposure, total lifetime, as well as potential β potential years of life lost and the proportion of people who lived less than 35 years. The study demonstrated significant decrease in static indicators excluding lifetime before acute exposure and increase in potential indicators of lifetime in workers with severe and especially with extreme acute radiation syndrome compared to workers with moderate and modest acute radiation syndrome and to workers free of the syndrome. The reason for the decrease of lifetime in workers with extreme acute radiation syndrome was extremely severe course of the disease. Decrease of lifetime in cases with severe level of the syndrome was mainly due to early death from malignancies. A significant linear regression association with natural logarithm of acute radiation dose in Gy was observed for lifetime indicators. At 1 logarithm of the radiation dose, the lifetime after acute exposure was reduced by 8.3 years, total lifetime by 8.8 years, and potential years of life lost increased by 8.4 years. The relative risk of the increase of the proportion of workers with less than 35 years of life was considerably higher in workers with extreme and severe acute radiation syndrome and in workers with acute radiation doses above 10 Gy compared to other groups of workers: 26.8 and 18.8 (95% CI: 3.8β191.1 and 2.7β129.8; p<0.001), respectively. Thus, for the first time, a reduction in lifetime after acute radiation syndrome was found among Mayak PA workers.ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° β Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ» ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
, ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Ρ 58 ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ» (50 ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ 8 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½) Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ STATISTICA 10. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 5 ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ: ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ β Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 35 Π»Π΅Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ° 1 Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° 8,3 Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ β Π½Π° 8,8 Π»Π΅Ρ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° 8,4 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 35 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 10 ΠΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ» ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ² 26,8 ΠΈ 18,8 (ΠΠ: 3,8β191,1 ΠΈ 2,7β129,8; p <0,001) ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ» Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ
Immunomorphological characteristics of pneumofibrosisat workers of plutonium manufacture
The purpose of this work was to perform - the comparative morphological analysis of a pneumofibrosis in workers with occupational exposure. We investigated morphological characteristics of pneumofibrosis based on autopsy material taken from 125 Mayak workers taking total absorbed dose frominternal alpha-radiation and duration of irradiationinto account. There is a clear link between internal alpha-radiationfrom incorporated plutonium and specific type of pneumofibrosis. This type of pneumofibrosis differs from pneumofibrosisin terms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ - ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ 125 ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ», Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π°. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Immunomorphological characteristics of pulmonary adenocarcinoma at workers of plutonium manufacture
The purpose of this work was to perform - the comparative morphological analysis of Π°Π» adenocarcinoma of lung in workers with occupational exposure. We investigated morphological characteristics of pulmonary adenocarcinomas based on autopsy material taken from 57 Mayak workers taking total absorbed dose from internal alpha-radiation and duration of irradiation into account. There is a clear link between internal alpha-radiation from incorporated plutonium and structural changes connective tissue of lung, also cellular renovation system in tumor and pulmonary tissues.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ - ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ 57 ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ», Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
Risks of non-cancer diseases in the cohort of personnel involved in the disposal of nuclear munitions
The aim was to estimate the risk of non-tumor disease incidence in the cohort of workers involved in the disposal of nuclear munitions as a function of non-radiational and radiological factors.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²
Incidence risk for malignant neoplasms of the pancreas in a cohort of atomic industry workers
Incidence of malignant neoplasms of the pancreas (PMN) has increased over recent decades. Still the evidence on ionizing radiation impact on pancreas tumorogenesis is inconsistent. The study was aimed to assess the impact of occupational radiation exposure on PMN incidence risk among staff members of an atomic industry enterprise - the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA) - taking into account non-radiation factors. The study considered the cohort of workers first employed at one of main Mayak PA facilities in 1948-1982 (with the follow-up period until 31 December 2013). Occupational radiation dose estimates were provided by Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008 (external gamma-doses) and Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2013 (internal alpha-doses from incorporated plutonium). Findings of the study revealed a significant increase of the excess relative risk (ERR) of PMC incidence with increasing doses from internal alpha-particles: ERR/Gy=1.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.36 β 2.56). No association of prolonged total gamma-radiation exposure with PMN incidence risk was found. Similarly to the background population, the PMN incidence risk in the study cohort was dependent on sex and age of the workers as well as on smoking status and index.Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΠΠ) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ (ΠΠ). ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΠΠ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ» (ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ») Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π² 1948-1982 Π³Π³. (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ 31 Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ 2013 Π³.). ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Β«ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ»-2008Β» (Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΒ»-2013Β» (Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ). Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° (ΠΠΠ ) Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΠΠ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΠΠ /ΠΡ = 1,19 (95% Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π» 0,36 - 2,56). ΠΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°-ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΠΠ. Π ΠΈΡΠΊ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΠΠ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
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