The Comparison between Different types of Cold Fluid Ingestion towards Endurance Exercise in Hot and Humid Condition

The rise in body core temperature associated with continuous exercise in hot and humid environments is known to possess a particularly stressful challenge to the maintenance of normal body temperature and fluid homeostasis. Recent evidence has shown that internal cooling methods, such as drinking cold fluids, are able to lower core temperature and enhance endurance performance in the heat. Pre-cooling (before exercise) and per-cooling (during exercise) methods were use, as ingesting cold fluids is easily implemented on site and provides additional benefit of hydration for athletes. Therefore, this study examines the effectiveness of pre-cooling and per-cooling methods on endurance exercise towards heart rate, rectal temperature, sweat rate, and power output of athletes ingesting different types of cold fluids. 3 female high-performance cyclists were asked to complete a 30km time trial on a cycle ergometer. The familiarisation and experimental sessions were identical, however application of fluid ingestion at 4-5°C before and during exercise differs (plain water = PW, Guava juice = GJ, isotonic drink = ID). Fluid is ingested every 15 minutes during the exercise sessions. As different athletes possess different work intensities, results showed that there is no significant difference on the effects of different types of cold fluid ingestion towards thermoregulation of the body as each fluid succeeded in enhancing athletes’ performance. Therefore, it is suggested that the consumption of any types of fluid at cold temperature could help in body thermoregulation as well as enhancing continuous exercise performance

CURRICULUM COMPACTING: DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRA SYLLABUS ACCORDING TO THE READINESS LEVELS OF GIFTED STUDENTS

Gifted learners are unique, in the way they learn i.e. in processing new information and knowledge. Because of their uniqueness, teachers need to identify their learning preferences prior to lesson planning, and differentiate their instruction accordingly with appropriate classroom strategies. This study investigated a differentiation strategy called curriculum compacting, which was applied in the teaching of Algebra among gifted students. Curriculum compacting allows learners who have the potential to pursue higher level or more advanced topics at faster rate. Of the national standard, Algebra I, II, and III are introduced to Form 1, Form 2, and Form 3 respectively. However, at Kolej PERMATApintar, Algebra I, II, and III were compacted, in accordance with the gifted students’ learning preferences i.e. readiness levels, and taught to Form 1 gifted students. A total of 166 Form 1 gifted students participated in this experimental study. Test results were gathered and analyzed representing the effect of curriculum compacting on the gifted students’ achievement. The findings revealed that 38.6% students had excellent understanding of the compacted Algebra syllabus (marks between 85-100), 44% achieved good understanding (marks between 65-84), 11.4% had moderate understanding (marks between 50-64), and only 6% had poor understanding (marks between 0-49). From this study, we can conclude that curriculum compacting is a beneficial differentiation technique for gifted students in the teaching and learning of Algebra

Hubungan Kekuatan Bahagian Atas Dan Kelajuan Menggerakkan Kerusi Roda Menaiki Laluan Khas Di Kalangan Kanak-Kanak Cerebral Palsy

Kekuatan bahagian atas badan sangat mempengaruhi kelajuan pengguna kerusi roda menggerakkan kerusi roda menaiki laluan khas. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan kekuatan bahagian atas badan pengguna kerusi roda dan kelajuan menggerakkan kerusi roda pada dua laluan khas utama di Sekolah Spastik Johor dikalangan kanak-kanak yang mengalami masalah Cerebral Palsy. Laluan tempat kajian adalah laluan khas menghala ke Dewan Besar dan Bilik Fisioterapi. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian penggunaan dan pembinaan laluan khas untuk pelajar-pelajar kurang upaya di sekolah tersebut. Kaedah eksperimental dilaksanakan ke atas 4 orang pelajar lelaki. Setiap pelajar menjalani ujian 'Bench Press' dan ujian kepantasan menggerakkan kerusi roda di laluan yang dipilh. Penganalisaan data adalah menggunakan perisian Statistical Package For Sosial Science (SPSS) versi 16.0. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan di antara kekuatan bahagian atas badan dan kelajuan menggerakkan kerusi roda di bahagian B pada laluan khas menghala ke Dewan Besar (r = 0.955, p = .045, p 0.05) dan Bilik Fisioterapi (r = 0.919, p = .081, p> 0.05). Ini menunjukkan bahawa tahap penggunaan kekuatan bahagian atas badan adalah berbeza bagi setiap bahagian laluan khas yang dibina. Pengguna kerusi roda menggunakan kekuatan bahagian atas badan yang maksimum pada bahagian B berbanding bahagian A di setiap laluan khas yang dibina. Hasil kajian turut mendapati tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan di antara berat badan subjek dan kelajuan menggerakkan kerusi roda di kedua-dua laluan khas di sekolah tersebut