Validity and reliability of the Persian version of �drug-related knowledge and attitude questionnaire� among Iranian medical students

Background: Promoting drug-related knowledge and improving relevant attitudes among students are of crucial importance toward the prevention of drug misuse. Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the �drug-related knowledge and attitude questionnaire� among Iranian medical students. Methods: The participants of this cross-sectional study were students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The �drug-related knowledge and attitude questionnaire� and a socio-demographic questionnaire were used to gather the data. Content validity was assessed by a panel of 11 experts, and face validity was evaluated by 10 participating students. Item-total correlation and Cronbach�s alpha coefficients were used as internal consistency estimates. Results: The face and content validity of the questionnaire were satisfactory. The overall content validity index was.82. Cronbach�s alpha was.679, indicating an acceptable degree of internal consistency and homogeneity between the items. Overall, most of the students had adequate knowledge about the harmful effects of addictive substances (48.11 ± 3.26). Conclusions: The �drug-related knowledge and attitude questionnaire� has favorable validity and reliability to assess the knowledge and attitude of Iranian students toward drug misuse and may be used in clinical and epidemiological studies. Besides, our findings can provide a suitable starting point for the implementation of effective psychoeducational interventions aimed at the improvement of the students� knowledge and attitudes toward drug misuse. © 2020, © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Validation of Standing and Locomotion Scoring, Behavioral Assessments, and Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold Testing on Naturally Occurring Sow Lameness

The objective of this study was to validate standing and locomotion lameness scoring, mechanical nociceptive threshold testing, and behavioral profile tools for the diagnosis of naturally occurring lameness etiologies in pigs. A total of 55 crossbred gilts and sows obtained from a commercial farm were enrolled in the study; with sound pigs classified as controls (8) and the remainder as lame due to integumentary (20), musculoskeletal (15), and combinations of integumentary and musculoskeletal (12) etiologies. Standing and locomotion lameness, mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) test, pig-human interventions, and latency to complete an obstacle course were evaluated. Standing and locomotion lameness scoring systems, MNT, and pig behavior (latency) were capable of discriminating between animals with mild organic lameness and animals that were sound and may have utility on the farm for staff to use to identify and manage lame animals. In rare instances, the tools used here were able to discriminate between broad categories of lameness etiology.This article is published as Forseth, Anna K., Locke A. Karriker, Suzanne T. Millman, Kenneth J. Stalder, Rebecca L. Parsons, Samaneh Azarpajouh, and Anna K. Johnson. 2023. "Validation of Standing and Locomotion Scoring, Behavioral Assessments, and Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold Testing on Naturally Occurring Sow Lameness" Animals 13, no. 11: 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111801. © 2023 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)