An overview on sexually transmitted infections in Iran

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause a large proportion of the global burden of ill-health, disability, and death. This paper reviews the status of STIs in Iran in the three groups of infections are caused by bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens and then focuses on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This review was carried out in the period of 1977-2015 by searching in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of sciences, Google scholar, the Iranian databases such as MagIran, IranMedex and SID using relevant English and Persian key words. Articles, reports, fact sheets, and official publications of World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) of Iran were reviewed.Data on the prevalence of STIs in Iran is sparse with very limited generalizability to the general population. But studies show that these infections are concentrated in high risk sub-groups of the population. Iran has a low national HIV prevalence, but an increased prevalence among people who inject drugs, shifting the country from low prevalence to a concentrated prevalence.It seems that the more improvement of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment programs in Iran need to more attention toward controlling HIV/AIDS through sexual health, proper linkage among HIV/AIDS, STIs, and SRH programs, reduction of stigma and discrimination toward people living with HIV/AIDS, and increase to access at risk populations

Distributed and self-adaptive microfluidic cell cooling for CPV dense array receivers

Temperature non uniformities of the CPV receivers lead to mismatch losses. In order to deal with this issue, a cooling device, formed by a matrix of microfluidic cells with individually variable coolant flow rate, has been developed. This device tailors the distribution of the heat extraction capacity over the CPV receiver to the local cooling needs in order to reduce the temperature non uniformities with respect to microchannel devices when submitted to uniform or non-uniform illumination profiles. At equal average temperature of the CPV receiver, power generation applying the matrix of microfluidic cells with individually variable coolant flow rate is 9.7% higher than the one with conventional microchannel technology.The research leading to these results has been performed within the STREAMS project and received funding from the European Community's Horizon 2020 program under Grant Agreement n° 68856

A Fuzzy Bi-objective Mathematical Model for Multi-depot Electric Vehicle Location Routing Problem with Time Windows and Simultaneous Delivery and Pick-up

In green logistics, environmentally-friendly vehicles are strongly recommended as a transportation option. One of the green logistics vehicles is the electric vehicle which is a good selection to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The present paper focused on the location-routing problem in electric vehicles by considering multi-depots and hard and soft time windows in uncertain conditions. We proposed a fuzzy bi-objective mathematical model for electric vehicles with a limitation in charge stations, the dependence of energy consumption to vehicle load, and a simultaneous delivery and pick-up. We used the multi-objectives particle swarm meta-heuristic algorithms based on the Pareto archive and the NSGA-II algorithm to solve this model. To evaluate the validity of the proposed model and algorithms, sample problems of EVRPTW were selected and solved using Gomez software and proposed meta-heuristic algorithms. The validation results for the model and algorithm confirmed that the model is valid, and the salving algorithms can solve the model efficiently and converge to an optimal answer. The comparing results of solving algorithms performance showed that, compared to the NSGA-II algorithm, the MOPSO algorithm has a higher ability in all states to generate higher quality responses and more diversity.</jats:p

Impact of COVID-19 infection on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a review of 287 pregnancies

Pregnant women are vulnerable group in viral outbreaks especially in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. The aim of this review was to identify maternal and neonatal outcomes in available articles on pregnancies affected by COVID-19. The articles that had assessed outcomes of pregnancy and perinatal of women with COVID-19 between Oct 2019 and Apr 30, 2020 without language limitation were considered. All kinds of studies such as case report, case series, retrospective cohort, case control were included. We searched databases, selected relevant studies and extracted data regarding maternal and neonatal outcomes from each article. Data of 287 pregnant women with COVID-19 of 6 countries were assessed from 28 articles between December 8, 2019 and April 6, 2020. Most pregnant women reported in their third trimester, 102 (35.5%) cases were symptomatic at the time of admission. Common onset symptoms, abnormal laboratory findings, and chest computed tomography pattern were fever (51.5%), lymphocytopenia (67.9%), and multiple ground-glass opacities (78.5%) respectively. 93% of all deliveries were done through cesarean section. No maternal mortality and 3 % ICU admission were reported. Vertical transmission was not reported but its possibility was suggested in three neonates. One neonatal death, one stillbirth, and one abortion were reported. All newborns were not breastfed. This review showed fewer adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 in comparison with previous coronavirus outbreak infection in pregnancy. Limited data are available regarding possibility of virus transmission in utero, during vaginal childbirth and breastfeeding. Effect of COVID-19 on first and second trimester and ongoing pregnancy outcomes in infected mothers is still questionable.</jats:p

An overview on sexually transmitted infections in Iran

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause a large proportion of the global burden of ill-health, disability, and death. This paper reviews the status of STIs in Iran in the three groups of infections are caused by bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens and then focuses on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This review was carried out in the period of 1977-2015 by searching in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of sciences, Google scholar, the Iranian databases such as MagIran, IranMedex and SID using relevant English and Persian key words. Articles, reports, fact sheets, and official publications of World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) of Iran were reviewed.Data on the prevalence of STIs in Iran is sparse with very limited generalizability to the general population. But studies show that these infections are concentrated in high risk sub-groups of the population. Iran has a low national HIV prevalence, but an increased prevalence among people who inject drugs, shifting the country from low prevalence to a concentrated prevalence.It seems that the more improvement of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment programs in Iran need to more attention toward controlling HIV/AIDS through sexual health, proper linkage among HIV/AIDS, STIs, and SRH programs, reduction of stigma and discrimination toward people living with HIV/AIDS, and increase to access at risk populations

Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Review of 11078 Pregnancies Reported in the Literature

Background: Pregnant women are a vulnerable group in viral outbreaks, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: The aim of this review was to identify maternal and neonatal outcomes in available articles on pregnancies affected by COVID-19. Methods: The articles that had assessed outcomes of pregnancy and perinatal of women with COVID-19 between Oct 2019 and Aug 2020 without language limitation were considered. We searched databases, selected relevant studies and extracted data regarding maternal and neonatal outcomes from each article. Results: Data of 11078 pregnant women with COVID-19 of 23 countries were assessed from 77 articles between December 8, 2019 and Aug 18, 2020. Most pregnant women reported in their third trimester, out of which 6229 (56.22%) cases were symptomatic at the time of admission. Common onset symptoms, abnormal laboratory findings, and chest computed tomography pattern were cough (40.88%%), lymphocytopenia (43.38%), and multiple ground-glass opacities (4.42%), respectively. 51.37% of all deliveries were done through cesarean section. 158 maternal mortality and 4.2% ICU admission were reported. Vertical transmission was not reported, but its possibility was suggested in thirty-two neonates. Ten neonatal deaths, thirteen stillbirths, and nineteen abortions were reported. 60% of newborns were not breastfed. Conclusion: This review showed fewer adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 in comparison with previous coronavirus outbreak infection in pregnancy. Limited data are available regarding the possibility of virus transmission in utero, during vaginal childbirth and breastfeeding. The effect of COVID-19 on the first and second trimesters and ongoing pregnancy outcomes in infected mothers is still questionable. </jats:sec

Salami Publication in Qualitative Research: An Ethical Challenge

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