The Status of Literature Review in Grounded Theory Research

Introduction: In the grounded theory research methodology, one of the main concerns of researchers is how and when to use the existing literature. Followers of Glaser believe that, in grounded theory, literature should not be reviewed before the research, because this awareness causes the researcher to unconsciously influence the research. However, the followers of Strauss believe that, in grounded theory, literature review before the beginning of the research is essential. Method: This study was performed by an extensive review of literature in databases, such as Springer, ProQuest, Oxford Journals, Wiley Online Library, SAGE Publications, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, and also books on qualitative research method. Results: Literature review in grounded theory can act as an assessment device for an emerging theory and enrich it, does not necessarily need to be considered at the end of the research because it can enhance the inductive research process. Conclusion: Initial literature review is not the only effective factor on the research process; the researcher's previous experiences and knowledge of the subject can also affect the emerging theory. However, researcher reflexivity, use of short notes during the research, annotation, and writing previous experiences can reduce the impact of the researcher on the study process. Keywords: Grounded theory, Literature review, Qualitative research, Reflexivit

Effective Context and Familial Conditions on Drug Addiction Relapse: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Family is one of the causative factors of initiation and relapse of addictive behaviors. Family is like a double-edged sword due to the fact that family may function both as a supporter of drug users as well as a shield to protect them against their withdrawal hardships, and also a cause of drug addiction relapse. Lack of sufficient knowledge and domestic studies on this issue, make it necessary to deal with this issue through investigation. So, this study aimed to identify effective context and familial conditions on addiction treatment non-retention. Method: This study is a part of a larger study on the role of the family in addiction treatment retention. It was conducted by Grounded theory in Tehran in 2016. Sampling was performed using purposive sampling from clients of medium-term residential centers and continued until data saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 12 drug users and 12 members of their families. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin coding methods. Results: The main theme of this study was family conflict. Family conflict includes subthemes such as enmeshment, triangulation, stressful behavior, communication avoidance and diminishing communication, non-operating threats, which were intensified by emotional imbalance (interference conditions). Based on the participants’ experiences, causality conditions affecting drug addiction relapse include false belief and external locus of control in a context of users and family’s unawareness

Conformity of Iranian Cultural Components and Addiction Treatment Methods By: Mohammad Zahedi Asl Azam Pilevar

چکیده تجارب اجتماعی زندگی؛ گرایش‌های فرهنگی، فلسفی و حتی جهان‌بینی و ایدئولوژی، همگی در شکل‌گیری دیدگاه‌های انسان نسبت به مسائل مختلف نقش ایفا می‌کنند؛ ازاین‌رو نحوه مواجهه با پدیده‌های یکسانی چون اعتیاد در جوامع گوناگون به سبب تفاوت در زمینه‌های فرهنگی-اجتماعی قاعدتاً باید اشکال متفاوتی به خود گیرد. در همین راستا این نوشتار بر آن است که به بررسی عناصر فرهنگی مؤثر در روش‌های درمان اعتیاد در ایران بپردازد. روش مورد استفاده تطبیقی- کیفی از نوع مورد محور است. داده‌های مورد نیاز بامطالعه اسنادی جمع‌آوری‌شده است. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با رویکرد توصیفی- تفسیری صورت گرفته است. ظاهرسازی در موقعیت‌های بیرونی به‌عنوان یکی از مؤلفه‌های فرهنگی ایرانیان، که در غالب موارد ملازم با روابط سلسله‌مراتبی است، موجب کم اثر ساختن مداخلاتی می‌گردد که بر خود افشایی و صداقت مخاطبین تأکید دارند. علاوه بر این افراد وابسته به مواد و خانواده‌های آن‌ها حسب پیشینه فرهنگی، تاریخی، اجتماعی به درمان‌هایی که برای آن‌ها احساس تعلق درونی نسبت به گروه ارائه‌دهنده خدمات ایجاد نمی‌کنند و یا روش بکار گرفته‌ شده توسط آن‌ها با قالب‌های آشنای ذهنی‌شان سازگار نیست، اقبال چندانی نخواهند کرد. احساس برابری، شکل‌گیری روابط صمیمانه و درونی، قهرمان‌پروری و تقدیرگرایی از جمله مؤلفه‌هایی هستند که امتیاز فرهنگی بیشتری به گروه‌های همتا - به‌خصوص گروه‌های دوازده ‌قدمی- به نسبت کلینیک‌های درمان سوءمصرف مواد می‌دهند

Effective Context and Familial Conditions on Drug Addiction Relapse: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Family is one of the causative factors of initiation and relapse of addictive behaviors. Family is like a double-edged sword due to the fact that family may function both as a supporter of drug users as well as a shield to protect them against their withdrawal hardships, and also a cause of drug addiction relapse. Lack of sufficient knowledge and domestic studies on this issue, make it necessary to deal with this issue through investigation. So, this study aimed to identify effective context and familial conditions on addiction treatment non-retention. Method: This study is a part of a larger study on the role of the family in addiction treatment retention. It was conducted by Grounded theory in Tehran in 2016. Sampling was performed using purposive sampling from clients of medium-term residential centers and continued until data saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 12 drug users and 12 members of their families. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin coding methods. Results: The main theme of this study was family conflict. Family conflict includes subthemes such as enmeshment, triangulation, stressful behavior, communication avoidance and diminishing communication, non-operating threats, which were intensified by emotional imbalance (interference conditions). Based on the participants’ experiences, causality conditions affecting drug addiction relapse include false belief and external locus of control in a context of users and family’s unawareness. Conclusion: Users and family’s insight and perception of the nature of addiction result in negative emotions, and accordingly, lead to dysfunctional interactions that provide context for drug addiction relapse

Identification of the socio-cultural barriers of drug addiction treatment in Iran

Introduction: Socio-cultural norms can either be encouraging or a barrier to addiction treatment. More, rigorous research is needed on nonindigenous models in addiction treatment, to better understand the role of socio-cultural differences. Methods: The present qualitative study is part of the project, “The Inclusive Assessment of the Barriers of Drug Addiction Treatment Services in Iran,” which was conducted in Tehran from 2018 to 2021. The participants consisted of eight people who used drugs, seven individual family members of the people who used drugs participants, seven service providers, and four policymakers. A purposeful sampling method was used for the selection of the participants, and the process continued until reaching the theoretical saturation of data. Analysis used the Graneheim and Lundman methods, classifying primary codes, the sub-themes, and themes were classified according to the similarities and differences between primary codes. Finding: The most important socio-cultural barriers to addiction treatment in Iran are: unrealistic expectations of the family and society from the people who use drugs, addiction stigma, mistrust between various components of the treatment system, perceptions that professional substance use disorder treatment is inefficient and low uptake of that treatment, the disturbed relational boundaries between the people who use drugs and their relatives, the interweaving of treatment and ethical and religious principles, low acceptance of maintenance treatments, treatment focusing on short-term outcomes, and presence of facilitating backgrounds of using drugs. Conclusions: The Iranian socio-cultural characteristics play an important role in the addiction treatment of the people who use drugs, so it is necessary for treatment interventions to be sensitive to these characteristics