Exploring the potential of Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to develop protein Based Product for food Applications.

ABSTRACT Protein isolate was prepared from red kidney beans and its functional properties were evaluated at different pH levels to access its suitability for food applications. Carbohydrates, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and ash contents of red kidney bean seeds were found to be 53.02±1.14%, 25.78±0.77%, 6.82±0.31%, 1.92±0.15% and 4.34±0.20%, respectively. Magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium and iron were observed as macro elements in red kidney bean seeds. Protein solubility, emulsification, gelation as well as foaming properties of the bean protein isolate were significantly (P≤0.05) affected by different pH levels. The solubility, emulsifying activity and stability as well as foam capacity of the protein isolate were dependant with minimal values observed at pH 4 while maximum at pH 10. Contrarily, the stability of foam was highest at pH 4 while a decreasing trend in foam stability was observed with increase of pH. Gelation properties improved at acidic pH with maximum gelation capacity observed at pH 4 while these properties decreased at alkaline conditions. Conclusively, red kidney beans can be utilized to prepare protein isolate whose functional properties can be modified by changing the pH of the environment for better utilization in the food formulation systems

Plasmid Profile Analysis and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Shigella flexneri Strains Isolated From

Abstract.-This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 584 Shigella flexneri isolated from diarrheal patients admitted in hospitals in Azad Kashmir Pakistan and to evaluate their changing trends against twenty antibiotics. The isolates showed highest resistance against penicillin followed by carbenicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ceftizoxime, kanamycin, co-trimoxazole, piperacillin, amoxicillin, amikacin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin and ceftriaxone. All S. flexneri isolates were sensitive to cefixime, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was observed against 3-10 drugs and was resistant against three or more antibiotics was at the level as high as 300µg/ml. The resistant isolates showed different patterns of antibiotics resistance. The most common pattern was PCaA. The plasmids were observed in 32.8% MDR strains of S. flexneri which were found resistant against three or more antibiotics. The number of plasmids varied from one to seven. Analysis of plasmid DNA of S. flexneri revealed that all the strains contained a heterogeneous population of plasmids ranging between >23.1 kb to <2.0 kb. Based on molecular weight, the pattern of different plasmids was also very diverse. Depending on the number of plasmids, individual strains were grouped into nine different plasmid patterns. Some of the antibiotic resistance determinants were cured by acridine orange, indicating that widespread antibiotic resistance is mediated through plasmid. Transformation experiments showed that the factors for resistance against ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resided in >23.1 Kb and 23.1 Kb plasmids

Evaluation of biochemical effects of diclofenac sodium in goats

ABSTRACT Diclofenac sodium is one of the most commonly using Non steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAID) worldwide in medical as well as veterinary practices. Use of anti-inflammatory drugs may affect liver function which may or may not be reversible in various livestock breeds. In this study effect of diclofenac sodium on Alanin transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALK), serum creatinine, serum uric acid, blood urea and total protein of liver and kidney of local dairy goats has been evaluated at Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam since 2007. The drug was administered in six goats in two phases with adequate wash out period of 21 days between each phase. Dose rates, 2.5mg/kg (b.w) and 1 mg/kg (b.w), of diclofenac was administered in Phase-1 and Phase-2 respectively. For biochemical analysis the blood samples were collected at different intervals up to 96 hrs post drug administration. Significant change (p<0.05) with high dose was documented at 2, 3, 6, 12, 24 48 hrs in blood serum level of ALT, AST, ALK.PO4, creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea respectively. Where as highly significant change (p<0.01) was monitored at 6, 12, 24, 48 hrs in ALT and AST, ALK.PO4, and blood urea respectively. Significant increase in serum level of Alanin transaminase, Aspartate transaminase and Alkaline phosphatase was noticed at 12 and 24 hrs with low dose of diclofenac respectively. No significant change in serum creatinine and uric acid was observed but blood urea significantly increased at 48 hrs with low dose. No change was examined in total serum protein with both the doses. The effect of diclofenac was short-lived and most of the parameters went back to normal after 72hrs of drug administration

HIPPARION FROM THE DHOK PATHAN FORMATION OF THE MIDDLE SIWALIKS, PAKISTAN

Abstract: New fossil material of Hipparion antilopinum has been described from the Dhok Pathan type locality, Chakwal district, Punjab Pakistan. This material consists of isolated lower premolars and molars. These specimens provide new data and contribute to recent work from the Middle Siwalik Hills of Pakistan

"ملک بشیر مراد"آزاد کشمیر ریڈیو ڈرامے کا لیجنڈ: MALIK BASHIR MURAD THE LEGEND OF RADIO AZAD KASHMIR

Malik Bashir Murad is a prominent artist of radio Azad Kashmir. He played a  key role in Urdu literature in Azad Kashmir along with the promotion of radio drama in radio Azad Kashmir. Malik Bashir Murad is the only artist of Azad  Kashmir radio who was simultaneously a dramatist, producer and a (Sadakar)  artist. They wrote a lot of played for the radio and the role they have created in  these plays is still in the hearts of the peopl

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE TRAITS OF CROSSBRED AND LOCAL DAIRY COWS AT MIRPUR AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Data on about 3999 records from 1990 to 2003 collected at artificial insemination center Mirpur city were utilized for this study and analyzed using Harvey's Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program to study the environmental sources of variation on some performance traits of Desi /Iocal, F1 (Holstein Friesian and Jersey X Desi), Holstein Friesian, Jersey and Sahiwal dairy cows of different genotype. The least squares means for number of services per conception, age at first service and gestation period were 1.07±0.18, 990.37±239.24 days and 280.84±0.35 days, respectively. The coefficient of variation for these traits was 24.31, 21.97 and 1.71 percent respectively. The least squares means for daily milk yield was 8.72±0.18 liters with 32.42 % coefficient of variation. The analysis of variance for age at first service revealed that year and genotype showed significant differences (P< 0.05), however, the season of birth had non-significant effect on age at first service. Moreover, data revealed that the year of service and genotype have significant (P<0.01) influence on number of services per conception during the study period, however, the season of service and parity showed nonsignificant difference. There was no significant difference due to age at service of the cows. The difference was non-significant in the number of services per conception due to increase in the age of cow. It was further observed that the gestation period in the present data set was significantly (P<0.05) different due to year / season of birth, genotype, parity and sex of the calf born. The variability in daily milk yield was significant (P<0.05) due to year of calving and genotype of animal, whereas, there was non significant difference in daily milk yield due to increase in the age of animal. INTRODUCTION Azad Jammu and Kashmir is covering an area of 13,297 squares kilometers. It is located in foothills of Himalayas; mainly hilly and mountainous characterized by deep ravines, rugged and undulating terrain. The livestock is primarily raised in small herds and it does not exceed more than four animals. The animals are pre-dominantly reared on mixed system of feeding (grazing and stall feeding) and they are contributing about 62% in the GDP of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) when compared with agriculture. There are 0.53 and 0.48 million dairy cows and buffaloes, respectively. The population of dairy cattle at Mirpur district was 93457 heads comprising 40.25 % cows and 59.75 % Buffaloes. The population was dominated by (47.83 %) nondescript and 23.83% Dhani, 17.41 % crossbred and followed by 2.41 percent Sahiwal cattle. The overall strength of dairy animals was 1.97 heads. The house holds preference for rearing milch animals was 54. 48 % Buffaloes, 18.57 % cows and 26.96 % both cow and Buffaloes (Anon.1996). In order to improve the diet and nutrition of farm families, and poverty alleviation by enhancing the income from increased sales of livestock products Le. milk and meat, Artificial insemination activities were started during 1985 in AJK. The long term objective was to establish dairy cattle breed and enhance production potential of existing animals by crossing with improved exotic germ plasm, suitable to the variable climatic conditions in AJK. The study was aimed to evaluate the achievements and changes attained through cross breeding in the production potential of dairy cattle from Desi to improved exotic type. It is also envisaged to evaluate the environmental sources of variation for some performance traits of dairy cattle at Mirpur, AJK

Impact of trade liberalization and domestic economic reforms on technical efficiency of agro-based industries

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