Replacing conventional energy sources of electricity with solar energy in the UK and Iraq using statistical inference with hypothesis testing

Solar power represents a vast resource which could, in principle meet the world’s needs for lowcarbon power generation many times over. Recent growth in the use of photovoltaic (PV) technology (of around 40% per year) and rapid reduction in its cost (20% per doubling of capacity) has demonstrated the potential of solar power to deliver on a large scale. Energy is a vital resource required for the operation of any business. Currently, the vast majority of businesses use electricity derived for non-renewable fossil fuels, which are expected to run out at its current rate of expenditure and causing substantial environmental damage threatening the future generations. In the UK and Iraq if the current energy source used by small and medium enterprises (SME’s) could be replaced by solar energy then damage to the environment can be prevented. Solar cells involve harnessing the energy from the sun to generate electricity and as such the amount of sunlight hours or solar insulation available in the country is of utmost importance. In this study a methodology has been developed to compare a model micro-business in the UK and Northern Iraq. The comparison shows that using statistically inference the different regions (latitudinally) in Northern Iraq have a reasonable constant supply of solar insulation compared with the U.K which shows that there is more variation and less solar insulation in the more northern regions of the country. Therefore, it is more feasible to replace the existing non-renewable fossil fuel sources with solar cells in all regions of Iraq than the U.K which requires further cost benefit considerations

Economic analysis and environmental impact of energy usage in microbusinesses in UK and Kurdistan, Iraq

Over reliance on fossil fuels, rising global population, industrialization, demands for a higher standard of living and transportation have caused alarming damage to the environment. If current trend continues then catastrophic damage to the earth and its environment may not be reversible. There is an urgent need to reduce the use of fossils fuels and substituting it with renewable energy sources such as wind, tidal and hydroelectric. Solar source seems to be the most promising due to its environmental friendly nature, portability and reliability. This source was examined in terms of microbusinesses such as SMEs including hair dressing salon, education centre, fried chicken outlet and printing shop. Small businesses account for a large proportion of the economy. The analysis developed could be applied to small business to show their contribution to the carbon footprint and how this could be reduced using solar energy. The proportions of their current electricity usage that could be substituted with solar cells were calculated. Combined these have a significant impact. These businesses were considered for UK and Iraq with the former being more amenable to solar energy implementation. Analysis of the four SMEs showed that the most energy intensive business was fried chicken take away using a large amount of electricity and the least energy intensive business was the education centre. In the latter in UK 57% of the electricity usage could be replaced by solar energy compared to Kurdistan, which generated a surplus energy that could be fed into the national grid. The gents groom hairdressing and blue apple businesses gave intermediate figures. Parallel conclusions were drawn regarding CO2 emissions released into the atmosphere with education centre being the most environmentally friendly and the fried chicken the least. In addition, a larger public space, an international airport data was analysed and the value of solar replacement demonstrated. The methodology and data analysis approach used may be implemented for other business units and larger public spaces such as hospitals, shopping complexes and football stadiums

Reductions in Co2 emissions from electricity generation from solar energy at Sulaymanyah airport in Kurdistan, Iraq

The gradual increase in the earth’s temperature in the last three decades highlights how global warming has become a major concern for the future of our planet. To meet the world’s needs for low CO2 power generation, alternatives to conventional fossil fuels are required. Solar energy is an attractive alternative that represents a vast resource which can be harnessed in all regions of the world. Dependency on fossil fuels to generate electricity in order to match the rapid power demand and increasing populations has resulted in huge pollution and damage to the environment. This paper considers the electricity demand and the amount of CO2 reductions of Sulymaniah International Airport in Kurdistan, Iraq. The cost of replacing a proportion of the conventional fossil fuel power generation with solar energy is first estimated and then theoretical calculations of possible reductions in CO2 emissions are presented

Solar photovoltaic generation potential and plant capactiy in Northern Iraq

Energy is an essential requirement globally, a reliable supply of energy is vital for our modern life; nowadays the majority of the energy supply comes from non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuel. In the last three decades “Global Warming” has increasingly become a major concern for the future of our planet. More dependency and the use of fossil fuel to generate electricity in order to match the rapid power demand due to development of technology and increasing populations have resulted in huge pollution and damage of the environment. The reliance on fossil fuel sources needs to be reduced by efficient energy management and replacement with renewable energy sources. Solar energy photovoltaic cells (PV) have emerged as promising candidates. This study aims to introduce the feasibility and potential of solar electricity generation on the basis of solar radiation data gained from Agro-Meteorological-sub-sector [1], in the Erbil-Northern Iraq region. Analysis using linear regression and insolation data available for the region suggests that significant electricity output can be generated using solar power from available fixed plant areas. The results and the measurement calculations used justify and support clearly the method been utilised in the stud

Energy analysis for replacing fossil fuel energy source of electricity wtih solar cells in the UK and Kurdistan, Iraq

Energy is a vital resource required for the operation of any business. Currently, the vast majority of businesses use electricity derived for non-renewable fossil fuels, which are expected to run out at its current rate of expenditure and causing substantial environmental damage threatening the future generations. In the UK if the current energy source used by small and medium enterprises (SME’s) could be replaced by solar energy then damage to the environment can be prevented and reduce costs as solar cells become more efficient. Solar cells involve harnessing the energy from the sun to generate electricity. In this study a methodology has been developed to compare a model micro-business in Manchester, UK and Kurdistan, Iraq. The comparison shows quantatively that even though Kurdistan, Iraq is abundant in oil and gas its climatic conditions favour the implementation of solar cells. Therefore, it is more feasible to replace the existing non-renewable fossil fuel sources with solar cells in Iraq due to greater solar radiation striking the earth’s surface. Our research suggests that solar cells can replace a reasonable amount of the energy requirements even in Manchester, UK and a much higher proportion in Kurdistan, Iraq. Using existing 20% efficient silicon solar cells we can replace 28% and 88% of the energy requirements of the micro business in UK and Kurdistan, Iraq respectively

Comparison on the use of silicon and flexible organic solar cells as replacements for fossil fuel energy source of electricity in the UK and Kurdistan, Iraq

The majority of businesses use electricity derived from non-renewable fossil fuels. These will run out and are causing substantial environmental damage threatening the future generations. Previously, we considered the energy utilization in a small business. If SME’s could use solar energy then crucially damage to the environment can be prevented. Solar cells involve harnessing the energy from the sun to generate electricity. In this study a comparison of the use of silicon solar cells to flexible organic photovoltaic solar cells (OPV) is made considering the electricity energy requirements of a model micro-business business in the UK and Kurdistan, Iraq. The comparison shows it is more feasible to replace the existing non-renewable fossil fuel sources with flexible organic solar cells in Iraq due to greater solar radiation striking the earth’s surface. Our research suggests that flexible solar cells can replace a significant amount of the energy requirements even in the UK and a much larger proportion in Kurdistan, Iraq. Using existing 20% efficient silicon solar cells we can replace 28% and 88% of the energy requirements of the microbusiness in UK and Kurdistan, Iraq respectively. However, with 20% efficient flexible organic solar cells placed on windows then this can replace 78% and 235% of the energy requirements in the UK and Kurdistan, Iraq respectively due to the larger areas being available

Cost analysis of a photovoltaic plant connected to a 315kw solar grid in Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq

Most of the world’s energy supply comes from non-renewable energy sources based on fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas. In the last three decades “Global Warming” has become a major concern for the future of the Earth and its environment. Dependency on fossil fuels to generate electricity to match the escalating demands of increasing populations has resulted in a massive rise in pollution and damage to the environment. Therefore, reliance on fossil fuels needs to be reduced by efficient energy management and replacement with renewable energy sources. Solar energy has emerged as a promising candidate. It is clean, environmentally friendly and an inexhaustible supply. To satisfy increasing load requirements combined solar and conventional power generation systems are now being implemented as grid connected energy systems. In this paper a cost analysis for a possible 315 KW grid connected solar photovoltaic plant by developing a system based on estimations for a chosen area is presented. The specifications for the equipment needed are based on the availability of the components within the region

Replacing fossil fuels wtih solar energy in an SME in UK and Kurdistan, Iraq: Kansas fried chicken case study

Energy management and analysis are more common in large companies since they have the resources and commitment to assign such tasks to employee compared to SMEs. Only a very small proportion of the overall business costs pertains to energy requirements and therefore SMEs pay little attention to energy analysis and management. Fossil fuels, which cause issues related to global warming, can viably be replaced with renewable energy sources such as solar energy. Trends in solar cell development are likely to yield a potential solution to problems generated by an over reliance on fossil fuels. Solar solutions are relatively simple to implement in SMEs than in large corporation and the combined impact small businesses is likely to be much greater. A micro-business has been utilized as a cases study for the purposes of illustration in the UK and Kurdistan-Iraq. Even though Kurdistan-Iraq is abundant in oil and gas, its climatic favour the implementation of solar cells which can replace the existing use of non-renewable fossil fuel. Our comparative study suggests that solar can replaced a reasonable amount of the energy needs even in the UK and a much higher amount in Kurdistan-Iraq. Using 20% efficient solar, can replace 23% and 70% of the energy requirements of the microbusiness in UK and Kurdistan-Iraq respectively

Replacing fossil fuel source of electricity wtih solar cells in an education centre in UK and Kurdistan

There is an urgent need to replace fossil fuels, which are causing damaging effects to the environment, with renewable and environmentally friendly sources such as wind, hydroelectric, solar and tidal energy. Of these alternatives solar energy appears to be the most promising candidate. The role of energy management has greatly expanded in many different industries. Efforts to introduce energy management in small and medium scale enterprises (SME) is however, very limited due to the lack of initiation, expertise and financial limitations. In manufacturing companies, energy cost is relatively a small portion of the total production cost, and therefore receives relatively little attention. Another problem is lack of understanding regarding the underlying principles involved in energy management. This study focuses on Kip McGrath Education Centre that can be classified as SMEs type of business by considering individual electrical instruments used. The feasibility of replacing its energy needs with silicon solar cells has been studied and will also contribute to the reduction in the carbon emissions. The methodology developed enables a comparison of a micro-business model to be achieved in the UK and Kurdistan-Iraq. Even though Kurdistan is abundant in oil and gasits climatic favour the implementation of solar cells to replace the existing use of non-renewable sources. Our study suggests that solar can replace a reasonable amount of the energy needed even in the UK and a much higher amount in Kurdistan-Iraq. Using 20% efficient solar cells 57% and 170% of the energy requirements of the microbusiness can be replaced in UK and Kurdistan-Iraq respectively

Energy management and analysis for replacing fossil fuels with solar cells in an SME: A case study of blue apple printing

The role of energy management has greatly expanded in industrial companies who are collaborating with energy service providers to implement energy management practices to improve efficiency. The effort to introduce energy management in small and medium scale enterprises (SME) is limited due to the lack of initiation, expertise and financial constraints. In manufacturing, energy cost is usually only a small portion of the total production cost, and therefore, energy cost receives relatively little attention. Another problem is the lack of knowledge regarding the underlying principles involved in energy management. There is an urgent need to educate SMEs on energy management concepts and practices. This paper aims to provide a guideline for entrepreneurs in implementing energy management. It reviews the methodology of energy management that was introduced in a German bakery with a clear and consistent path toward introducing energy management. The methodology, tools used, results and difficulties encountered during the study are discussed. In this study a methodology has been developed to compare a micro-business model in the UK and Kurdistan-Iraq. The comparison clarifies that even though Kurdistan is abundant in oil and gas, its climatic conditions favour the implementation of solar cells that can replace the existing use of non-renewable fossil fuel sources. Our study suggests that solar can replace a reasonable amount of the energy needed in the UK and a much higher proportion in Kurdistan, Iraq. Using 20% efficient solar cells, 28% and 83% of the energy requirements of the microbusiness in the UK and Kurdistan-Iraq can be replaced respectively. These percentages are encouraging giving confidence that solar is a viable alternative in the future as solar cell efficiencies continue to improve