MinHop (MH) Transmission strategy to optimized performance of epidemic routing protocol

Delay tolerant network aims to provide the network architecture in environments where end-to-end path may never exist for long duration of time Furthermore dynamic topology changes limited buffer space and non stable connectivity make routing a challenging issue The research contribution regarding DTN routing protocols can be categorized in to single and multi copy strategies A single copy strategy makes less use of network resources but suffers from long delay and less delivery probability Multi copy schemes enjoy better delivery probability and minimum delivery delay at the cost of heavy use of network resource Moreover DTN nodes operate under short contact duration and limited transmission bandwidth Therefore it is not possible for a node to transmit all messages from its forwarding queue Hence the order at which the messages are forwarded becomes very vital In this paper we propose a forwarding queue mode named MinHop We prove through simulations that the proposed policy performs better then FIFO in terms of delivery probability overhead message drop and rela

Incidence of COVID-19 in random trauma patients at DHQ Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, measures to prevent its spread among patients and health care workers

Background: The objective of the study was to see the incidence of COVID-19 positive, in random trauma patients received in the emergency of abdomen or chest may be penetrating or blunt. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Accident and Emergency department of District Head Quarter Hospital, Rawalpindi. All trauma patients of abdomen or chest either penetrating or blunt admitted from 1-3-20 to 10-6-20 were included, irrespective of age, gender, comorbidities, and COVID-19 status at the time of admission to hospital. Also to see steps of preventive measures taken in the emergency department, operation theatres, and inwards. Results: Total number of trauma patients received in the emergency department of District Headquarter Hospital Rawalpindi during this period was 163. Total male patients: 116. Total female patients:47. Penetrating injuries (firearm or stab wounds): 93. Blunt injuries: 70. All the penetrating injuries were operated as an emergency. Among blunt injuries, 51 were operated 19 were treated conservatively. Preoperatively none of the patients’ COVID-19 test was performed because none of them showed any symptoms likely of COVID-19 such as chest infection, flue, malaise, or fever. After the second postoperative day, 12 of the patients developed respiratory distress and their COVID-19 test was sent. Out of 12 patients, 7 turned out to be COVID-19 positive. Other on the second or third postoperative day 7 patients had fever without chest symptoms and underwent COVID-19 testing. 3 turned out to be COVID-19 positive. So a total of 11 patients were found to be positive for COVID-19. The percentage became 6.7% which is quite high. Conclusion: From this study, its clear in acute trauma patients where you can’t go for the COVID-19 test even then we have to operate may be positive. So every trauma patient should have suspected COVID-19 positive and preventive measures should be taken starting from the emergency department till operation theatres

IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME MANAGEMENT: BUMPY ROAD FOR PHYSICIANS

Irritable bowel syndrome is a complex gastrointestinal disorder related to over activity of nerves supplying the gut. 1It has been matter of enormous concern for both the patients and treating physicians’ .The clinical course is diverse and takes different twist and turns. Sometimes it does present with typical symptoms like bloating, flatulence and altered bowel habits. At times there is mental illness like severe depression that comes in the way which is real challenge for the physicians to treat as mere reassurance doesn’t suffice. The longer the history of symptoms, more complicated it gets. There are multiple obstacles before making in rows in treatment.2 The most frustrating point is when the patient fails to show any improvement after months of treatment. They have symptoms in relapsing and remitting manner. Post infectious IBS is more agonizing as the patient need antibiotics in an era of increasing resistance .3Failure of one antibiotic to resolve symptoms leads to usage of multiple ones at the same time .The cramping abdominal pain and the sleepless nights leading to daytime fatigue do have an enormous and disastrous impact on the activities of daily living. After the decades of research, optimization of treatment for irritable bowel syndrome is still a daunting task even for experienced gastroenterologists.4 The emergence of alarm symptoms like bleeding per rectum,uninetentional weight loss and feeling of abdominal mass in individuals who have altered bowel for years do ring the bell for physicians to act vigilantly who were otherwise complacent. 4They were relying on traditional treatment regimens like giving laxatives,anti spasmodic and medications for depression. Some of them do consider expeditious referral to psychiatrist without getting to the bottom of the situation. Colonoscopy is advised at the end when much damaged have been caused already .It will be excellent practice to advised stool routine examination ,culture.ESR,CRP and calprotectin levels.5 They will give an idea of level of inflammation in the gut as invasive investigations are always dangerous in setting of acute flare of disease such as inflammatory bowel diseas

Threshold Based Best Custodian Routing Protocol for Delay Tolerant Network

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a kind of network in which the source may not be able to establish the stable and uninterrupted path to destination due to network partitioning, dynamic topology change and frequent disconnections. In order to dealt disruption and disconnections a store, carry and forward paradigm is used in which node stores the incoming messages in its buffer, carries it while moving and forward when comes within the transmission range of other nodes. Message forwarding contributes and important role in increasing its delivery. For instance, probabilistic routing protocol forwards message to a node having high probability value to meet message destination. These protocols cannot handle a situation in which the node continually transmits messages even the probability difference is very small. In this paper, we have proposed a routing protocol known as Threshold Based best custodian Routing Protocol (TBbcRP) for delay tolerant network. We have proposed a threshold-based method to compute the quality value which is the ability of node to carry message. A self-learning mechanism has been used to remove the delivered messages from the network. Moreover, a buffer aware mechanism has been used that make sure availability of buffer space at receiver before message transmission. We have compared the performance of TBbcRP with Epidemic, PRoPHET and Delegated Forwarding. The proposed TBbcRP outperforms in terms of maximizing the delivery probability, reducing number of transmissions and message drop

Adaptive message size routing strategy for delay tolerant network

Delay tolerant network (DTN) is a kind of computer network that suffer from the frequent disconnections, network partitioned and unstable network connectivity, therefore maintaining an uninterrupted route from source to destination is not possible. Therefore, the transmission of message is achieved via intermediate nodes by adopting a novel transmission mechanism called store-carry and forward where node stores the incoming message in its buffer, carries it while moving and forward it when it comes in the transmission range of other nodes. DTN routing protocols can be either single copy or multi copy. In single copy protocols, the node forwards the unique copy of message along a single path. These protocols suffer the long delivery delay. In multi copy protocols, the node diffuses multiple copies of same message along dissimilar paths. Thus, message can reach destination via more than one path. However, the replication process consumes high volume of network resources such as buffer space, bandwidth and node energy. The probabilistic routing strategies for instance PRoPHET Protocol minimizes the consumption of resources and forwards a message to a custodian by using a metric of delivery probability. The probability describes the suitability of a node to meet the destination of message. However, when node mobility pattern is not symmetric the probabilistic computations cannot predict the accurate forwarding decision. In this paper, we have proposed a novel message forwarding strategy called Adaptive Message-Size Routing strategy (AMRS) by which a node handovers the copy of message to its neighboring nodes by using a metric named as mean threshold (MTH). We have compared the performance of AMRS with Epidemic and PRoPHET routing protocols. The proposed routing strategy has performed better in terms of maximizing delivery probability while minimizes message drops and number of transmissions

Correlation Between Glycosylated Haemoglobin and Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of undetected dysfunction of thyroid in patients with diabetes, determination of correlation between glycosylated Hb and thyroid hormones, and to find out the relationship between blood glucose control and function of thyroid in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison to normal individuals. METHODOLOGY:This study was carried out at Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. It was a cross sectional study. A sample size of 358 subjects was taken using non-probability consecutive sampling in which 179 had type-2 diabetes and 179 were healthy normal subjects. Based on the results, they were classified into either hypothyroid or hyper thyroid categories, and then a comparison was done with HbA1c to determine their correlation. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 23. RESULTS: The mean age of both the groups was 54.35 ± 9.38 years and 42.66 ± 9.20 years respectively on comparison of median (as data lacked normality) and mean ages of cases was much higher as while drawing comparison to control group with p-value less than 0.001. In these cases, the total number of male patients were 62 (34.64%) and females were 117 (65.36%) while in controls the males and females were 124 (69.27%) and 55 (30.73%) respectively. In these cases, the number of hypothyroid patients were 13 (7.3%), hyperthyroid individuals were 26 (14.5%) and 11(6.1%) cases had subclinical hyperthyroidism. Normal thyroid function was found in all controls. In these cases, a weak positive correlation was found between HBA1c and T3 (r=0.239, p-value 0.001). Also, there was an insignificant correlation with T4 (r= - 0.017, p-value = 0.817) and correlation of insignificant nature found with TSH (r= -0.036, p-value = 0.634). Among controls same (insignificant) correlation was found between Glycosylated Hb and T3 (r= 0.070 p-value = 0.352), a weak positive correlation with T4 (r= 0.238, p-value = 0.001) and a moderate negative relationship with thyroid stimulating hormone (r= - 0.586, p-value <0.001). CONCLUSION: Early detection of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients can prevent complications and leads to optimum control of blood glucose level

Reactive weight based buffer management policy for DTN routing protocols

Delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) are distinguished by low connectivity and/or unreliable links, dynamic topology change and network partitioning. Therefore, each node transmits the multiple copies of the message to increase its delivery likelihood. This phenomenon produces congestion that results in the dropping of earlier stored messages. The objective of buffer management policy is to determine which message should be eliminated when the buffer overflow happens. The existing buffer management policies can be divided into two categories: (i) local knowledge-based and (ii) global knowledge based. In a DTN environment, getting global knowledge is impossible and local knowledge-based policies are more practical. This study focuses on the local knowledge-based policies in order to reduce the drop ratio and maximize the delivery. In this paper, we presented a buffer scheduling policy called as weight based drop policy. In this proposed scheme, we dynamically adjust message weight criteria assuming message’s properties, which are message size, remaining time-to-live, message stay time in queue, hop count, and replication count. In order to utilize the buffer efficiently we use weight criteria for finding the most appropriate message for drop and rank the forward messages to its neighboring nodes. The simulation performed in ONE simulator. The simulation results of weight based drop policy by using map based mobility movement outperformed the existing DLA, FIFO, MOFO, SHIL and LIFO in terms of reducing a number of transmission, dropped messages, overhead and enhanced delivery and buffer time average

Engineering Assessment of Coarse Aggregates Used in Peshawar

Abstract: This paper presents the qualification of coarse aggregates obtained from various existing quarries in and around Peshawar city for their use in structure concrete. Out of the ten (10) four (4) quarries were experimentally investigated. The sites were selected on the basis of being easily accessible and productive