Seguridad alimentaria en productos cárnicos: aplicación de sistemas emergentes de conservación y evaluación de patógenos mediante el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas moleculares

Durante el desarrollo del proyecto se ha podido constatar la relevancia de la utilización de métodos alternativos de conservación tales como la alta presión hidrostática; así como el efecto añadido de los bioconservantes naturales aplicados en masa o envasado activo en la seguridad alimentaria de los productos cárnicos curado cocidos. Asimismo el desarrollo y la identificación, cuantificación de los patógenos alimentarios a estudio (Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella spp) mediante técnicas de biología molecular, PCR convencional, PCR cuantitativa y NASBA, además de suponer un importante logro científico, ha significado una enorme ventaja en los ensayos tipo “challenge test” tanto por rapidez en la analítica realizada como para la evaluación simultánea de un número elevado de muestras por ensayo. Cabe destacar la importancia del NASBA en la detección selectiva de células viables

Effect of high pressure processing on the microbiology of skin-vacuum packaged sliced meat products: cooked pork ham, dry cured pork ham and marinated beef loin

High hydrostatic pressure is being increasingly investigated in food processing. It causes microbial inactivation and therefore extends the shelf life and enhances the safety of food products. Yeasts, molds, and vegetative cells of bacteria can be inactivated by pressures in the range of 200 to 700 MPa. Microorganisms are more or less sensitive to pressure depending on several factors such as type, strain and the phase or state of the cells. In general, Gram-positive organisms are usually more resistant than Gram-negative. High pressure processing modifies the permeability of the cell membrane, the ion exchange and causes changes in morphology and biochemical reactions, protein denaturations and inhibition of genetic mechanisms. High pressure has been used successfully to extend the shelf life of high-acid foods such as refrigerated fruit juices, jellies and jams. There is now an increasing interest in the use of this technology to extend the shelf life of low-acid foods such as different types of meat products

Efecto de las altas presiones sobre la composición nutricional de los productos cárnicos y sobre la evolución microbiológica de los mismos durante su vida comercial

Objetivo. Evaluación del riesgo sanitario y de las propiedades sensoriales mediante indicadores microbianos en productos cárnicos loncheados y envasados en “skin pack”, después del tratamiento por altas presiones. Productos ensayados: jamón cocido, jamón curado y solomillo marinado. La presurización se realizó a 6.000 bars durante 6 minutos a 31ºC. Las muestras de los productos tratados por alta presión, así como los no tratados fueron conservadas en refrigeración a +4ºC durante 120 días. El objectivo de este trabajo fue comparar los productos presurizados (HPP) con los no tratados por altas presiones (NT)

High-pressure processing and antimicrobial biodegradable packaging to control Listeria monocytogenes during storage of cooked ham

The efficiency of combining high-pressure processing (HPP) and active packaging technologies to control Listeria monocytogenes growth during the shelf life of artificially inoculated cooked ham was assessed. Three lots of cooked ham were prepared: control, packaging with alginate films, and packaging with antimicrobial alginate films containing enterocins. After packaging, half of the samples were pressurized. Sliced cooked ham stored at 6 °C experienced a quick growth of L. monocytogenes. Both antimicrobial packaging and pressurization delayed the growth of the pathogen. However, at 6 °C the combination of antimicrobial packaging and HPP was necessary to achieve a reduction of inoculated levels without recovery during 60 days of storage. Further storage at 6 °C of pressurized antimicrobial packed cooked ham resulted in L. monocytogenes levels below the detection limit (day 90). On the other hand, storage at 1 °C controlled the growth of the pathogen until day 39 in non-pressurized ham, while antimicrobial packaging and storage at 1 °C exerted a bacteriostatic effect for 60 days. All HPP lots stored at 1 °C led to counts <100 CFU/g at day 60. Similar results were observed when combining both technologies. After a cold chain break no growth of L. monocytogenes was observed in pressurized ham packed with antimicrobial films, showing the efficiency of combining both technologies

Recomanacions sobre pràctiques higièniques per embotits fermentats tradicionals

La seguretat i qualitat dels aliments és actualment una de les majors preocupacions dels consumidors europeus i una prioritat política en Estats Units i Europa, a través del Programa Agenda 2000 i el Llibre Blanc de seguretat alimentària (2000). Aquest llibre blanc va indicar 3 prioritats: 1. Crear una Agència Europea dels Aliments, 2. Implementar un enfocament coherent de la granja a la taula en termes de legislació alimentària, 3. Establir el principi a partir del qual la responsabilitat clau de la seguretat alimentària recau en els operadors alimentaris. Els estats membres són els encarregats de vigilar i controlar a aquests productors i la Comissió Europea comprova l’eficiència dels Estats per a controlar-los (subsidiari). La legislació comunitària estableix els objectius de les normes d’higiene (en vigor des del 20 de maig del 2004) a través de l’ús d’un enfocament integrat de tota la cadena alimentària (des de la granja a la taula), per a garantir un alt nivell de protecció en termes de seguretat sanitària dels productes alimentosos. A Europa, els productes artesanals i/o tradicionals gaudeixen d’una posició privilegiada als ulls dels consumidors que demanden productes autèntics, de qualitat i d’origen garantit

Use of antimicrobial biodegradable packaging to control Listeria monocytogenes during storage of cooked ham

The antimicrobial effect against L. monocytogenes of biodegradable films (alginate, zein and polyvinyl alcohol) containing enterocins was investigated. Survival of the pathogen was studied by means of challenge tests performed at 6 °C during 8 and 29 days, for air-packed and vacuum-packed sliced cooked ham, respectively. Air packaging was tested with two concentrations of enterocins (200 and 2000 AU/cm2). Control air-packed cooked ham showed an increase of L. monocytogenes from 104 to 107 CFU/g after 8 days. By contrast, packaging with antimicrobial films effectively slowed down the pathogen's growth, leading to final counts lower than in control lots. Air-packaging with alginate films containing 2000 AU/cm2 of enterocins effectively controlled L. monocytogenes for 8 days. An increase of only 1 log unit was observed in zein and polyvinyl alcohol lots at the same enterocin concentration. Vacuum packaging with films containing enterocins (2000 AU/cm2) also delayed the growth of the pathogen. No increase from inoculated levels was observed during 15 days in antimicrobial alginate films. After 29 days of storage, the lowest counts were obtained in samples packed with zein and alginate films containing enterocins, as well as with zein control films. The most effective treatment for controlling L. monocytogenes during 6 °C storage was vacuum-packaging of sliced cooked ham with alginate films containing 2000 AU/cm2 of enterocins. From the results obtained it can concluded that antimicrobial packaging can improve the safety of sliced cooked ham by delaying and reducing the growth of L. monocytogenes

Active packaging containing nisin and high pressure processing as post-processing listericidal treatments for convenience fermented sausages

Listeria monocytogenes was inoculated on the surface of sliced fermented sausages with no added sodium salt. The pathogen was progressively inactivated during the product shelf life (90 days). Antimicrobial packaging of fermented sausages with PVOH films containing nisin induced a more pronounced reduction of L. monocytogenes counts during refrigerated storage. HPP alone (600 MPa, 5 min, 12 °C) had no antimicrobial effect against L. monocytogenes at the studied conditions. Combination of HPP with antimicrobial packaging did not produce any extra protection against L. monocytogenes compared to antimicrobial packaging alone. The lack of effect of HPP on L. monocytogenes was attributed to a protective effect exerted by the low water activity of the product and its lactate content. These results reflect that antimicrobial packaging with the inclusion of nisin as a natural antimicrobial could be considered as an effective method to reduce the levels of L. monocytogenes in sliced fermented sausages with no added sodium sal

Physical performance of biodegradable films intended for antimicrobial food packaging

Antimicrobial films were prepared by including enterocins to alginate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), and zein films. The physical performance of the films was assessed by measuring color, microstructure (SEM), water vapor permeability (WVP), and tensile properties. All studied biopolymers showed poor WVP and limited tensile properties. PVOH showed the best performance exhibiting the lowest WVP values, higher tensile properties, and flexibility among studied biopolymers. SEM of antimicrobial films showed increased presence of voids and pores as a consequence of enterocin addition. However, changes in microstructure did not disturb WVP of films. Moreover, enterocin-containing films showed slight improvement compared to control films. Addition of enterocins to PVOH films had a plasticizing effect, by reducing its tensile strength and increasing the strain at break. The presence of enterocins had an important effect on tensile properties of zein films by significantly reducing its brittleness. Addition of enterocins, thus, proved not to disturb the physical performance of studied biopolymers. Development of new antimicrobial biodegradable packaging materials may contribute to improving food safety while reducing environmental impact derived from packaging waste

Envasado activo biodegradable para el control de Listeria monocytogenes en jamón cocido

El envasado activo consiste en la adición de una sustancia activa al material del envasado, mejorando de esta forma la funcionalidad del envase. En el caso del envasado antimicrobiano se consigue minimizar o evitar la contaminación superficial de los alimentos, de ahí el interés de su aplicación en los productos cárnicos listos para el consumo