The Determinant of Saving Behavior of Women’s in Urban Ethiopia In Case of Arba Minch Town

The role of savings in investment and therefore in the development of a country cannot be exaggerated. In poor countries like ours most of the savings is done by households. In this paper the behavior of women saving in Arba Minch town is examined. Total of 50 women’s samples is taken using systematic sampling and Logistic regression model using MLE technique was applied. It has been shown that various factors influence the saving behavior of women’s including credit, employment , income, urban agriculture, family size, education attainment of women’s and age. It is found that, education and age have negative influence on saving but statistically insignificant. Whereas, ownership of urban agriculture and income level have significant and positive effect on saving behavior of women’s. Access to credit and family size has a significant negative influence on the behavior of women saving. Tests of goodness of fit of the model shows the model is fitted, robust hetroscedasticity test prove that the model is free from the problem. The link test also shows the model is correctly specified. Keywords: Saving, Odds Ratio, Logistic Regression, Marginal Effect, Link tes

Major ions composition of the groundwater and surface water systems and their geological and geochemical controls in the Ethiopian volcanic terrain

Broad hydrochemical survey has been carried out to study the spatial variation of the major ions composition of the surface and groundwater systems in the Ethiopian volcanic terrain and associated Plio-Quaternary sediments. The result revealed wide hydrochemical variations controlled by geological, geochemical, geomorphological and climatological factors. The total ionic concentration increases dramatically from the highlands towards the rift valley following the regional groundwater flow directions to low-lying regions characterized by low annual rainfall and high evapotranspiration. In the rift the total dissolved solids (TDS) variation is dramatic (in places more than 50 fold). The highland waters are predominantly fresh with low total ionic concentrations, TDS varying often from 50 to 1200 mg/l; with dominant ions of Ca, Mg and HCO3. The rift valley waters have very high TDS (varying in a wide range between 200 and 73,015 mg/l) characterized by high Na and HCO3, in places highly enriched with F. Waters of the southern and central Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) are dominated by HCO3 tending to SO4 and Cl type in northern and central Afar mainly due to changes in lithology related to evaporite deposits and due to the natural chemical evolution of waters as they move from highland recharge to low-lying rift discharge areas. Deep geothermal waters, alkaline terminal lakes of the MER and small highly evaporated saline and brackish lakes of the Afar have the highest ionic concentrations. Keywords: Ethiopian rift, hydrogeology, ionic concentration, TDS, volcanic terrain SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Vol. 28(2) 2005: 171-18

Extreme Weather and Flood Forecasting and Modelling for Eastern Tana Sub Basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

River flood is a natural disaster that occurs each year in the Fogera floodplain causing enormous damage to the human life and property. Overflow of Ribb and Gummara rivers and backwater effects from Lake Tana has affected and displaced thousands of people since 2006. Heavy rainfall for a number of days in the upper stream part of the catchment caused the river to spill and to inundate the floodplain. Three models were used for this research; the numerical weather prediction model (WRF), physical based semi distributed hydrological model SWAT) and the LISFLOOD_FP 1D2D flood inundation hydrodynamic model to forecast the extreme weather, flood and flood modeling. Daily rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature for the forecasted period ranges from 0 to 95.8mm, 18 to 28oc and 9 to 18oc, respectively. The maximum forecasted flow at Ribb and Gummara rivers were to be 141m3/s and 185 m3/s, respectively. The flood extent of the forecasted period is 32km2; depth ranges 0.01 to 3.5m; and velocity ranges from 0 to 2. 375 m/s. This technique was shown to be an effective way of flood forecasting and modeling. Integrating Rainfall Runoff model with hydrodynamic model provides thus good alternative for forecasting and modeling. Keywords: SWAT, LISFLOOD, WRF, Extreme weather, forecasting and modeling

Review Paper on “Irrigation Water Pollution and Its Minimization Measures”

Water is a scarce resource, thus, any reuse of water is desirable, as long as the costs associated with the reuse is less than the benefits of using it. The environmental and socioeconomic aspects of irrigation water pollution were becoming a serious problem worldwide. The quality of surface and groundwater in shallow open wells has deteriorated and the application of polluted groundwater for irrigation has resulted in increased salt content of soils. Outbreaks of waterborne diseases are also a growing concern. The economic value of changes in water quality is an important component of economic assessment of policies to reduce pollution from agricultural production. Farmers can take many steps to reduce loadings of agricultural pollutants to water resources. But improvements in water quality from farmer’s efforts to reduce pollutant loadings often take years to detect and document. Aquifers may take decades to show improvements in quality after management is improved. This has implications for the design of monitoring necessary to assess the effectiveness of water quality policies and programs. This study found that both structural and management practices are available for managing water and chemical inputs more efficiently or controlling runoff to minimize irrigation water pollutions. Those practices include efficient irrigation water management, integrated pest management, comprehensive nutrient management planning, animal waste management, conservation Agriculture and Industrial waste, sewage and storm water pretreatment. Keywords: - Water, pollution, Irrigatio

Land Suitability Analysis for Mung Bean Production Using a GIS Based Multi-Criteria Technique in Part of Wollo, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

The land has been always a basic factor for growing crops. The term land suitability can be defined in this regard as the ability of a particular type of land to support for a specific use, and the land suitability classification process involves the evaluation and grouping of a particular land area in terms of their suitability for a defined use. Land suitability is a description of compatibility level of a land for certain utilization. For the present research work areas spatially suitable for the Mung bean for low land crop identified using GIS tools. Food security is not just an economic problem but also a social and political issue relates in the country. Ensuring food security for all is one of the major challenges that our Country (Ethiopia) faces today, production of surplus in the areas like this study conducted (part of Wollo) is one of the problem solve by researches. Remotely sensed data (Landsat images), Digital elevation model and soil data was loaded and processed in GIS software i.e. Arc10.5 version and ERDAS 2015 was used for land cover map development. MCDM based AHP methods have used for spatial analysis in agriculture. Using the weights generated from AHP for the various parameters, the maps of soil (texture and depth), Climatic factors (climate and Temperature) and topographic (slope and altitude) were overlaid to generate the final Green gram suitability map of the Whole Wollo. Keywords: Land suitability, GIS tools and AHP DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-23-04 Publication date: December 31st 202

Some Aspects of Social Organization and Indigenous Resource Management Practices in Awi Zone, Amhara National Regional State (ANRS), Northwest Ethiopia

The people of Awi have succeeded in preserving their age-old traditions that are handed down from generation to generation. Traditional social organizations and labor exchanging forms, aimed at mutual aid and close cooperation either in pleasure or grief are among the many traditions. In Awi farm land and soil fertility management systems employ three major types of strategies in order to manage the organic matter and chemical fertility of the cultivated soils: Mixed cropping rotational cropping and indigenous organic practices. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil for the purpose of crop production. The major purpose of this paper is, therefore, to bring out the traditional social organizations and labor exchanging forms that have been practiced in Awi. It also attempts to assess and analyze the indigenous soil fertility management systems as well as the indigenous managements of river waters for irrigation. In the course of the study, I have depended mainly on primary and secondary sources, as well as oral informants, and archival materials. For archives, I have used Debre Markos University Archive Center, Addis Ababa National Archives and Library Agency, Institute of Ethiopian Studies of Addis Ababa University and Awi Zone Agriculture Office. Indeed, gathering oral information from knowledgeable individuals   through interviews was another important source data for the research. The interview was effectively addressed by qualitative approach through purposive sampling method. In the interview semi structured interview questions were designed for acquiring valuable information about the study. The age and the ability to remember the past events and the level of participation in the local affairs were given emphasis for the selection of informants. The data which I collected from oral sources were crosschecked with archival and secondary sources before interpretation. Thus, the consideration of the land tenure system and the social structure as well as taxation system in Agaw Meder (presently Awi Zone) helps to study and investigate not only the study area  but also to comprehend other areas regarding the issue. Keywords: Indigenous Resource Management, Wubiri, Wonfel, Soil-fertility, Irrigation DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/56-04 Publication date: February 29th 202

Assessment of Cybercrime Governance in Ethiopia Since 2004

Communication technology is a recent phenomenon that links countries of the world together. Like other countries of the world Ethiopia also interconnected to global net work via internet technology and committed to expansion of the technology at home to substantiate its economic, social and political advancement goal. However, as a result of digitalization effort at home, the country becomes both source and target of cyber crime. Hence, in order to curb cyber crime, the government of the country engaged in to various activities and this work assess the initiatives under taken by Ethiopian government in the area of cybercrime governance. To do so, the research employs qualitative research methods and secondary source of data.To discharge its global responsibility and prevent itself from cyber crime, Ethiopian government works hard and undertakes various measures. Hence, the government begins its work of fighting cyber crime for the first time by initiating criminal code in 2004 that penalize limited cyber crime in the country. As such, the first initiatives followed by scattered legislations which cover limited area of cyber crime like Telecom fraud offense legislation, National payment system proclamation and recently computer crime proclamation. Similarly, the government also initiates policy measures like ICT policy and strategy, National information security policy and Criminal justice policy. To implement these policies and legislations the government also establishes various institutions.However, these all legislations and policy initiatives are inadequate in cyber crime governance in Ethiopia, due to failure of government to couple its unilateral effort and commitment of fighting cyber crime with transnational cooperation and capacity building. Hence, there is no meaning full and continues capacity building undertaken by Ethiopian government. As a result, there is gap of knowledge and human resource in the country related to cyberspace which in turn creates fertile ground for cyber crime. Ethiopian government also does not engaged into comprehensive and functional transnational cooperation and dormant to be party to any regional and international cyber crime convention. Thus, its domestic effort to fight cyber crime become less significant since cyber crime is borderless. Therefore, in order to successfully defense cyber crime, Ethiopian government should complement its domestic initiative by continues capacity building and transnational cooperation.On the other hand, legislated cyber crime in Ethiopia also infringes freedom of expression and privacy right of peoples. Thus, government should work hard to ensure compatibility within international human right law and cyber crime law as much as possible. DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/96-01 Publication date:May 31st 202

The Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Party (E.P.R.P.) Formation, Structure and Program

The main aim of this Article is assessing the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Party (EPRP) Formation, Structure and Program.It also tries to restructure the armed struggle of Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Part (E.P.R.P) in Qwara and Aläfa Takusa district. In fact, it was established in the 1970s by different people of Ethiopians from different areas. And its center was Addis Ababa town and other rural areas. However, in the 1980s its main center was at Qwara and Aläfa Takusa districts. Therefore, this article is aimed at the E.P.R.P military movement was legitimately ongoing in Qwara and Aläfa Takusa district since 1983. In order to undertake this study document analysis, in-depth interview, archival investigation and focus group discussions were undertaken as instruments of data collection. Moreover, I have attempted to use primary and secondary sources. It also attempts to give an analysis of the new party creation in the area. The study also examines the Ethiopian Democratic Union (E.D.U’s), one of the opponent parties of the Därg regime, in the area and its structure. The article also attempts to investigate the E.P.R.P and E.D.U temporal alliance and conflict. In the post 1980’s, the E.P.R.P had attempted to introduce the new form of approach. The legacy of the party has been encompassed in the article. Furthermore more, the article also attempts to state the final departures of the E.P.R.P, Därg and the coming of Tigrian .People. Liberation Front (TPLF) in the area. This research was undertaken based on descriptive research design. This is because, it helps to achieve the objectives of  the study and to find answer to the research questions of the study by allowing the researcher to describe the characteristic  of the phenomena understudy and by entertaining the research questions focusing on issues like what, how and who elements. Keywords: EPRP, EDU, Qwara and Aläfa Takusa districts, Därg, T.P.L.F DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-21-02 Publication date: November 30th 202

The Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Party (E.P.R.P.) Formation, Structure and Program

The main aim of this Article is assessing the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Party (EPRP) Formation, Structure and Program. It also tries to restructure the armed struggle of Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Part (E.P.R.P) in Qwara and Al?fa Takusa district. In fact, it was established in the 1970s by different people of Ethiopians from different areas. And its center was Addis Ababa town and other rural areas. However, in the 1980s its main center was at Qwara and Al?fa Takusa districts. Therefore, this article is aimed at the E.P.R.P military movement was legitimately ongoing in Qwara and Al?fa Takusa district since 1983. In order to undertake this study document analysis, in-depth interview, archival investigation and focus group discussions were undertaken as instruments of data collection. Moreover, I have attempted to use primary and secondary sources. It also attempts to give an analysis of the new party creation in the area. The study also examines the Ethiopian Democratic Union (E.D.U’s), one of the opponent parties of the D?rg regime, in the area and its structure. This research was undertaken based on descriptive research design. This is because, it helps to achieve the objectives of the study and to find answer to the research questions of the study by allowing the researcher to describe the characteristic of the phenomena understudy and by entertaining the research questions focusing on issues like what, how and who elements

Determinants of Turnover Tax Collection Effectivenes: The Case of West Gojiam

The most common method of financing government expenditure is by taking resort to taxation. In order to generate appropriate revenue from TOT, the administration should be effective. The researcher set the general and specific objectives of the study and the major research questions related to turnover tax collection. From the related literature the researcher considers independent variables which explain the dependent variable of TOT effectiveness. Having those variables the research hypothesis formulated based on the given number of independent variables that were tested after the required data were gathered. In order to address the research questions and achieve the objectives, explanatory research method and census sampling method were employed to gather data. Respondents who participated in the study were tax administrators from all woredas found in west Gojjam. Quantitative research approach was used. The Primary data which were collected through questioner were analyzed by using structural equation model and most secondary data used to develop related literature and used to establish the hypothesis. The dependent variable is measured by the effectiveness of TOT collection on average result of two years period. The independent variables are measure based on the five scale Likert type question. After collecting data from tax officials the researcher reaches a conclusion by analyzing data in Amos soft ware. Tax payers’ ignorance of their obligation, corruption and collusion, tax audit and verification and convenience of payment were the major determinants of effectiveness in turnover tax collection. The researcher recommend to tax office after drawing conclusion. Keywords: Turnover tax, structural equation model, value added tax, Amo