Phenological, morphological and genetic characterization of local grapevine (Vitis labrusca L.) genotypes grown in the Black Sea Region in Northern Turkey

Vitis labrusca has become widely naturalized in the Black Sea region of Northern Turkey. The aim of this work was to evaluate the morphological, phenological, and genetic characteristics of V. labrusca accessions grown in the Black Sea region during the last three growing seasons. Local genotypes were described according to the Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) ampelographic descriptor, including shoot length (cm), mature leaf size, bunch length and width, berry length and width, berry weight, number of berries, Total Soluble Solids (TTS) and titratable acidity. Additionally, phenological data, including bud burst, flowering, veraison and harvest date, were recorded. The accessions were characterized at the molecular level, and genetic relationships were assessed by means of Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Using 6 ISSR primers, seventy-seven bands were obtained, of which 69 were polymorphic with a mean polymorphic rate of 88.68%. These ISSR primers produced polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranging from 0.48 to 0.5. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.08 to 0.83 among the genotypes. According to the dendrogram based on the ISSR analysis, Accessions 8 and 5 were genetically related, with a coefficient of similarity of 0.83, while Accession 3 was the most distantly related genotype, with a coefficient of similarity of 0.08. These results demonstrated that ISSR markers can be used for genetic diversity analysis among V. labrusca genotypes. Our results also described characteristics of new V. labrusca genotypes that could be valuable for future Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) and grapevine breeding.Key words: Diversity, foxy species, Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat markers (ISSRs), Breeding, polymorphis

Phenological, morphological and genetic characterization of local grapevine (Vitis labrusca L.) genotypes grown in the Black Sea Region in Northern Turkey

Vitis labrusca has become widely naturalized in the Black Sea region of Northern Turkey. The aim of this work was to evaluate the morphological, phenological, and genetic characteristics of V. labrusca accessions grown in the Black Sea region during the last three growing seasons. Local genotypes were described according to the Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) ampelographic descriptor, including shoot length (cm), mature leaf size, bunch length and width, berry length and width, berry weight, number of berries, Total Soluble Solids (TTS) and titratable acidity. Additionally, phenological data, including bud burst, flowering, veraison and harvest date, were recorded. The accessions were characterized at the molecular level, and genetic relationships were assessed by means of Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Using 6 ISSR primers, seventy-seven bands were obtained, of which 69 were polymorphic with a mean polymorphic rate of 88.68%. These ISSR primers produced polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranging from 0.48 to 0.5. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.08 to 0.83 among the genotypes. According to the dendrogram based on the ISSR analysis, Accessions 8 and 5 were genetically related, with a coefficient of similarity of 0.83, while Accession 3 was the most distantly related genotype, with a coefficient of similarity of 0.08. These results demonstrated that ISSR markers can be used for genetic diversity analysis among V. labrusca genotypes. Our results also described characteristics of new V. labrusca genotypes that could be valuable for future Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) and grapevine breeding.Key words: Diversity, foxy species, Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat markers (ISSRs), Breeding, polymorphis

Molecular characterization of Trichoderma spp. isolates in mushroom-growing farms in Turkey and their effects on Agaricus bisporus production

Mushroom production is highly affected by green mould disease, which causes severe losses worldwide. This study aimed to characterize Trichoderma spp. isolates collected from Agaricus bisporus- and Pleurotus ostreatus-growing facilities based on their molecular features and evaluate their aggressiveness in mushroom production in vitro and in vivo. Fifty-six Trichoderma isolates from mushroom farms in Aegean and Marmara regions were analysed for molecular characteristics. In a phylogenetic tree constructed based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and tef1 sequences, they were classified into five groups, which included Trichoderma spp. such as T. aggressivum, T. europaeum, T. pleuroticola, T. virens, T. harzianum and T. afroharzianum. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that tef1 sequences could distinguish between T. aggressivum f. aggressivum and T. aggressivum f. europaeum more specifically. Consequently, tef1 sequence variation identified 15 T. aggressivum f. europaeum isolates compared with ITS sequence variation. In vitro conditions based on the dual-culture tests of the mycelial growth of A. bisporus showed growth inhibition between 50% and 75% depending on the isolates. Two Trichoderma isolates with different ITS and tef1 sequences (3/9 and 7/5 isolates, respectively) and more lytic and mycoparasitic activities were analysed further to determine their effects on yield and mushroom quality parameters. Therefore, T. aggressivum f. aggressivum is not the only species that affects mushroom production, and T. aggressivum f. aggressivum and T. aggressivum f. europaeum isolates significantly (p 0.05) inhibited A. bisporus growth in vitro and in vivo.Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit, Grant/Award Number: FOA- 2020- 20953Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [FOA-2020-20953

Pseudomonas putida induces resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in tomato plants by activating expression of defense-related genes

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may prevent attack from pathogenic microorganisms by eliciting induced systemic resistance (ISR). In the present work, Pseudomonas putida isolate TR21/1 showed significant biological control of tomato seedlings inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL). Here, the SA-responsive genes PR-1, PR-4, PR-6 and CH9 were downregulated upon induction of ISR by P. putida strain TR21/1 and induced when bacterized tomato roots were inoculated with FORL. This indicates that SAR involves the accumulation of SA-responsive genes but ISR does not. Similarly, expression of ET-regulated genes such as ACO1, ACO3, ACO4 were not induced in ISR-expressing tomato roots and P. putida treatment induced only ACO2 expression suggesting that ACO2 expression is involved in ISR-expressing tomato seedlings. In contrast, the infection of ISR expressing plants by FORL strongly induced ACO3, ACO2, and ACO1 indicating the transcriptional regulation of ACO genes in response to FORL attack which may be related to possible ethylene synthesis in response to pathogen. Here P. putida treatment increased ETR1 gene expression in roots and this induction was upregulated in presence of FORL indicating that ETR1 plays a role in the protection of plants against FORL by reducing ethylene sensitivity. Activation of SA-and ET- regulated genes in bacterized plants in the presence of FORL implies that not only SA but other signals as well, may play an important role in inducing resistance