An Exploration of Learning Processes for “Reading” and “Understanding” the Chinese Classics : Through the Analysis of an Expert Thinking in Kazuto Tominaga’s “Progressing of Literary Language that Uses ‘Hu’ up to Tao Yuanming”

どうすれば高校生は漢文を読めるように，そして，理解できるようになるのだろうか。また，そのために教師はどのような指導をすればよいのだろうか。この問いに対する1つの答えを得るために，研究論文の構成・構造の分析や関連専門科学の基礎概念・基礎理論による読解を通して研究論文の作成過程を導き出し，学習者の学習過程への変換を試みる。対象の研究論文は，富永一登「『孤』を用いた文学言語の展開―陶淵明に至るまで―」（『未名』22号, 2004）である。結果，研究者の学習過程を7段階で示し，各過程における具体的な思考法を整理することができた。これを踏まえて，高校生が自ら漢文を「読む」「理解する」ことができるよう導くための教材開発のあり方を提案している。中でも鍵となるのは，学習者はもちろん，教師が作品に「興味を持つ」ことである。これまで実践されてきた漢文の授業をふり返ると，表面的な読み取りにとどまり，本文を深く読むという段階にまで進んでいないのが実情であった。本稿では，従来の漢文学習の抱える課題を克服する1つのヒントを見出した。How do high school students become proficient readers of the Chinese classics? And what kind of teaching methods could make students be such proficient readers? In order to resolve these questions, this study aimed to grasp the thinking process in an expert’s research paper as for eliciting a model of learning process for students through an analysis of the structure of the research paper and examining basic concepts and theory in the related field. The target research article was Kazuto Tominaga’s “Progressing of Literary Language that Uses ‘Hu’ up to Tao Yuanming”(published in Wei Ming, 22, 2004). The expert’s learning processes were organized in to 7 stages, and his thinking methods at each stage were described concretely. Based on this, the current article suggested how teaching materials should be developed so that high school students can attain “reading” and “understanding” of the Chinese classics. The key is for the teacher as well as the learners to “become interested” in the literary work they read. Looking back at the teaching practices of the Chinese classics in schools to date, students’ learning often stopped at the surface level understanding without progressing to the level that called for a deeper understanding of the text. The current study suggests one strategy to overcome the challenges of teaching the existing Chinese classic studies, and to make a breakthrough to develop students into proficient readers of Chinese classics, for ensuring their rich language life

Spin-orbit coupling inactivity of Co2+^{2+} ion in geometrically frustrated magnet GeCo2_2O4_4

We report single-crystal neutron diffraction studies on a spinel antiferromagnet GeCo$_2$O$_4$, which exhibits magnetic order with a trigonal propagation vector and tetragonal lattice expansion ($c/a\simeq1.001$) below $T_{\rm N}=21$ K. For this inconsistency between spin and lattice in symmetry, magnetic Bragg reflections with a tetragonal propagation vector were discovered below $T_{\rm N}$. We discuss spin and orbital states of Co$^{2+}$ ion underlying the new magnetic component.Comment: 3 pages 2 figures, submitted to ICFCM proceeding (Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2011

Layer Formation and Annihilation in an Immiscible Polymer Blend under Electric and Shear Flow Fields

Simultaneous observation of morphological change and measurement of shear stress in an immiscible polymer blend of a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and a methyl phenyl silicone oil (MPS) were carried out in electric and shear flow fields by using a system combining a rheometer and a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). Under shear flow and no electric field a thin MPS layer with low viscosity was formed between two parallel plates of the rheometer, which reduced the apparent viscosity. When subjected to an electric field the layer was broken, resulting in the viscosity increase. The relationship between the morphology and the rheology was studied in detail

クロマツ生葉及び死葉におけるLophodermium pinastri のコロニー数及び子嚢盤数の季節変動

Lophodermium pinastri is an ascomycetous fungus generally known as a pathogen of pine needle cast. In order to elucidate the life history, especially the relationship between periods of spore dispersal and infection, of this fungus as endophyte of pine needles, the seasonal changes in the numbers of colonies on living (current-, 1-year-old and 2-year-old) and dead (attached and fallen) needles and the numbers of ascocarps on fallen needles of Japanese black pine in Sakurajima, Kagoshima Pref. were examined for 3 years. The numbers of colonies in dead needles showed slow changes, while those in living needles changed drastically between sampling months. In dead needles, the patterns of changes in the numbers of colonies were similar among the 3 years and between attached and fallen needles, while those in living needles were dissimilar among the 3 years and among needle ages. Numbers of mature ascocarps rapidly increased in June and decreased until summer, with a peak in late June, and kept low numbers in other seasons, all common for the 3 years. The numbers of immature ascocarps tended to decrease in the period when mature ascocarps increased. Thus, the period of spore dispersal was constantly concentrated in the period from June to August, but the rapid increase in the number of colonies in living needles irregularly occurred several times in a year, which shows that the periods of spore dispersal and infection were different