Physical characteristics and fitness.

<p>mean ± SE.</p><p>Physical characteristics and fitness.</p

Time-course changes and area under the curve of blood glucose (A) and serum insulin (B) concentrations over 7.5 h.

<p>Each period of exercise is indicated by the shaded boxes. The arrow indicates the time of meal consumption. c; <i>P</i><0.05, NOR-Rest vs. NOR-Ex. d; <i>P</i><0.05, HYP-Rest vs. HYP-Ex.</p

Time-course changes of FFA (A), glycerol (B) and lactate (C) concentrations over 7.5 h.

<p>Each period of exercise is indicated by the shaded boxes. The arrow indicates the time of meal consumption. c; <i>P</i><0.05, NOR-Rest vs. NOR-Ex. d; <i>P</i><0.05, HYP-Rest vs. HYP-Ex.</p

Time-course changes of SpO₂ (A) and HR (B) over 7.5 h.

<p>Each period of exercise is indicated by the shaded boxes. The arrow indicates the time of meal consumption. a; <i>P</i><0.05, NOR-Rest vs. HYP-Rest. b; <i>P</i><0.05, NOR-Ex vs. HYP-Ex. c; <i>P</i><0.05, NOR-Rest vs. NOR-Ex. d; <i>P</i><0.05, HYP-Rest vs. HYP-Ex.</p

<i>In Vivo</i> Behavior of Hydrolyzable Tannins after Oral Administration of the Trapa bispinosa Extract to Rats

The pericarp extract of Trapa bispinosa (TBPE), which is rich in hydrolyzable tannins, has been reported to inhibit α-glucosidase and glycation reactions. We investigated the in vivo behavior of hydrolyzable tannins and related metabolites after administration of TBPE to rats. Using high pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 12 ellagitannin metabolites, such as urolithins and 6 gallotannin metabolites, produced in the collected plasma and urine were quantified. Urolithins and gallic acid metabolites reached their maximum blood concentration after 24 and 1 h of administration, respectively. Conversely, the excretion of urolithins in urine required up to 72 h and followed a sigmoidal curve, whereas gallic acid metabolites were rapidly excreted earlier after administration. The results suggest that the metabolites gallotannin and ellagitannin are responsible for the antiglycation effect of TBPE, which proceeds via different mechanisms and times. Our findings provide basic data demonstrating the functionality of hydrolyzable tannins as well as Trapa ingredients

Fig. S1. Rough spot tests identified 62 candidate strains, the ts phenotype of which could be rescued by 0.1 µg/mL rapamycin.; Fig. S2. Manual spot tests of 62 selected candidates identified 45 strains with clear rescue at 36ºC (underlined).; Fig. S3. 19 strains with cut1 mutations showed a ts phenotype rescued by rapamycin.; Fig. S4. Rapamycin rescued the ts phenotype of sty1-989.;

Fig. S1. Rough spot tests identified 62 candidate strains, the ts phenotype of which could be rescued by 0.1 µg/mL rapamycin. Left side: plate images of spot tests and candidates are shown with red squares. Right side: plate layouts of ts strains. Orange-shaded numbers indicate selected candidates.; Fig. S2. Manual spot tests of 62 selected candidates identified 45 strains with clear rescue at 36ºC (underlined).; Fig. S3. 19 strains with cut1 mutations showed a ts phenotype rescued by rapamycin. (A) Plate images of spot tests are shown. Red- and orange-lettered strains were rescued at 36ºC and 33ºC, respectively. (B) Mutation sites and locations in Cut1protein are shown for these 19 strains. The majority of mutations localized around leucine repeats and a peptidase domain.; Fig. S4. Rapamycin rescued the ts phenotype of sty1-989. (A) Cell number increment of sty1-989 in EMM2 liquid medium with or without 200 nM rapamycin at 26ºC or 36ºC was plotted in a time course. (B) DAPI images of WT and sty1-989 cells at 26ºC and 36ºC in EMM2 media with or without 200 nM rapamycin

Table S1. 12 genes responsible for temperature sensitivity were determined. from Genetic defects in SAPK signalling, chromatin regulation, vesicle transport and CoA-related lipid metabolism are rescued by rapamycin in fission yeast

Table S1. 12 genes responsible for temperature sensitivity were determined. In the Method column: SA: plasmid suppression analysis, TA: tetrad analysis, WGS: whole genome sequencing, ND: not determined; In the Base Change column: mutation in DNA sequence; In the AA change column: mutation in amino acid sequence; In the Plate position column: the originally stocked position in the library corresponding to Fig. S1