Dependency distance.

<p>Dependency distance.</p

Language ability indicators.

<p>Language ability indicators.</p

Yngve score.

<p>Yngve score.</p

GAP-S/W.

<p>GAP-S/W.</p

Writing assignment instructions distributed to the participants.

<p>Writing assignment instructions distributed to the participants.</p

Speech

<p>Speech</p

Expected type-token curve.

<p>The figure indicates the potential active vocabulary size (number of types) (<i>y-axis</i>) plotted against token sample size (<i>x-axis</i>).</p

Box plots of PVS scores of MCI and Healthy participants.

<p>Box plots of PVS scores of MCI and Healthy participants.</p

Participant characteristics

<p>Participant characteristics</p

Effect of exercise on memory function was abolished by HFD in APP transgenic mice.

<p>(<i>A</i>) The time to get to goal platform of exercise-treated WT-HFD mice (upper) and APP-HFD mice (lower) in the acquisition phase of Morris water maze test, 20 weeks after having HFD. WT-HFD+Ex 0–10 mice and WT-HFD+Ex 5–15 mice took the same time to get to the platform as WT-HFD+Ex 10–20 mice. Also, APP-HFD+Ex 0–10 mice and APP-HFD+Ex 5–15 mice tended to take longer than APP-HFD+Ex 10–20 mice to get to the platform; however, this was statistically insignificant. (<i>B</i>) Time taken to get to goal position of exercise-treated WT-HFD mice (left) and APP-HFD mice (right) in the probe trial phase of Morris water maze test, 20 weeks after having HFD. WT-HFD+Ex 0–10 mice (F _{(4, 10)}  = 18.63, p<0.001) and WT-HFD+Ex 5–15 mice (p<0.001) took less time to reach the platform position than WT-HFD mice, but they took the same time as WT-HFD+Ex 10–20 mice. On the other hand, APP-HFD+Ex 0–10 mice (F _{(4, 20)}  = 7.89, p<0.001) and APP-HFD+Ex 5–15 mice (p = 0.006) took longer to get to platform position than APP-HFD+Ex 10–20 mice. The time taken by APP-HFD+Ex 0–10 mice and APP-HFD+Ex 5–15 mice was the same as that by APP-HFD mice. * indicated p<0.05. (<i>C</i>) Time in goal quadrant of exercise-treated WT-HFD mice (left) and APP-HFD mice (right) in the probe trial phase of Morris water maze test, 20 weeks after having HFD. WT-HFD+Ex 0–10 mice (F _{(4, 10)}  = 46.97, p<0.001) and WT–HFD+Ex 5–15 mice (p<0.001) spent more time in goal quadrant than WT-HFD mice, but spent the same time in goal quadrant as WT-HFD+Ex 10–20 mice. On the other hand, APP-HFD+Ex 0–10 mice (F _{(4, 20)}  = 7.09, p = 0.003) and APP-HFD+Ex 5–15 mice (p = 0.003) spent less time in goal quadrant than APP-HFD+Ex 10–20 mice. The time for APP-HFD+Ex 0–10 mice and APP-HFD+Ex 5–15 mice was the same as that for APP-HFD mice. * indicated p<0.05.</p