Abundances of northeastern Native American culturally important plants in contemporary Adirondack Landscapes

In contemporary landscapes culturally important plants may suffer in the absence of their ancestral caretakers, who shaped pre-colonial ecosystems via intentional burning, coppicing, plant propagation, and manipulation of species composition. Therefore, it is important to understand how culturally important plants occur generally in contemporary ecosystems sans traditional management. Given that 99.9% of contemporary forest is secondary, it is especially important to examine occurrences of culturally important plants in secondary forest. To address this issue, culturally important plants in old growth forests at the Huntington Wildlife Forest, New York, were compared to those found in burned and defoliated forests at Cranberry Lake Biological Station, New York. Herbaceous understory species were inventoried at all sites. Importance values for culturally important species were compared among old growth, burned, and defoliated forest using ANOVA. Importance values of culturally important plants were significantly different among old growth, burned, and defoliated sites. Highest species richness and highest importance values occurred in old growth forest. As disturbance was generally used to increase biodiversity and incidences of culturally important plants, this result may suggest that common disturbances and land use histories do not mimic conditions established by indigenous practices. This would have implications for the survival of culturally important plants that have suffered population decline, as well as for the survival of cultural traditions that depend on those plants

日本語母語話者-英語母語話者間の初対面会話 における関係性の構築と交渉―English, Japan, Japaneseをめぐる相互行為の分析―

Abstract　　This study explores how Japanese speakers（JS）and English speakers（ES）identify and categorize each other through face-to-face interactions in English. Fifty-four sets of paired conversations between JS and ES were examined using a conversation analytic approach（“membership categorization devices” by Sacks（1972a, b））. The results show that the following two types of dichotomous membership categories frequently emerge in conversation: a. Japanese vs. non-Japanese, and b. English teachers vs. English learners. A close observation of excerpts suggests that ES tend to oppose being defined as “non-Japanese” while JS are ambivalent about being continually corrected and encouraged to improve their English language abilities

Comparing technical efficiency of organic and conventional coffee farms in Nepal using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach used to estimate technical efficiency and followed by regressing the technical efficiency scores to farm specific characters under tobit regression model. Primary data was collected from random samples of 240 (120 from each) coffee famers. Mean technical efficiency score was 0.89 and 0.83 in organic and conventional coffee farming respectively. Farms operating under CRS, DRS and IRS were 31.67, 3.83 and 37.5% respectively in organic coffee and 29.17, 25 and 45.83% respectively in conventional farming areas. Tobit regression showed the variation in technical efficiency was related education, farm experience and training/extension services and excess to credit.Production frontier, Resource use, Technical efficiency, Organic, Altitude, Productivity Analysis,

Intestinal Microbiota and Lymphoma

The intestinal microbiota and gut immune system must constantly communicate to maintain a balance between tolerance and activation: on one hand, our immune system should protect us from pathogenic microbes and on the other hand, most of the millions of microbes in and on our body are innocuous symbionts and some can even be beneficial. Since there is such a close interaction between the immune system and the intestinal microbiota, it is not surprising that some lymphomas such as mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma have been shown to be caused by the presence of certain bacteria. Animal models played an important role in establishing causation and mechanism of bacteria-induced MALT lymphoma. In this review we discuss different ways that animal models have been applied to establish a link between the gut microbiota and lymphoma and how animal models have helped to elucidate mechanisms of microbiota-induced lymphoma. While there are not a plethora of studies demonstrating a connection between microbiota and lymphoma development, we believe that animal models are a system which can be exploited in the future to enhance our understanding of causation and improve prognosis and treatment of lymphoma

Uranium (238U and 234U) and Thorium (232Th and 230Th) Records in the Bottom

金沢大学自然計測応用研究センタ

Superconductivity in undoped T' cuprates with Tc over 30 K

Undoped cuprates have long been considered to be antiferromagnetic insulators. In this article, however, we report that superconductivity is achieved in undoped T'-RE2CuO4 (RE = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd). Our discovery was performed by using metal-organic decomposition (MOD), an inexpensive and easy-to-implement thin-film process. The keys to prepare the superconducting films are firing with low partial-pressure of oxygen and reduction at low temperatures. The highest Tc of undoped T'-RE2CuO4 is over 30 K, substantially higher than "electron-doped" analogs. Remarkably, Gd2CuO4, even the derivatives of which have not shown superconductivity so far, gets superconducting with Tconset as high as ~ 20 K. The implication of our discovery is briefly discussed.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letter

Physical conditions of gas components in debris disks of 49 Ceti and HD 21997

Characterization of gas component in debris disks is of fundamental importance for understanding its origin. Toward this goal, we have conducted non-LTE (local thermodynamic equilibrium) analyses of the rotational spectral lines of CO including those of rare isotopologues ($^{13}$CO and C$^{18}$O) observed toward the gaseous debris disks of 49 Ceti and HD 21997 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Atacama Compact Array (ACA). The analyses have been carried out for a wide range of the H$_{2}$ density, and the observed line intensities are found to be reproduced, as far as the H$_{2}$ density is higher than 10$^{3}$ cm$^{-3}$. The CO column density and the gas temperature are evaluated to be (1.8-5.9)$\times$10$^{17}$ cm$^{-2}$ and 8-11 K for 49 Ceti and (2.6-15)$\times$10$^{17}$ cm$^{-2}$ and 8-12 K for HD 21997, respectively, where the H$_{2}$ collision is assumed for the rotational excitation of CO. The results do not change significantly even if electron collision is considered. Thus, CO molecules can be excited under environments of no H$_{2}$ or a small number of H$_{2}$ molecules, even where the collision with CO, C, O, and C$^{+}$ would make an important contribution for the CO excitation in addition to H$_{2}$. Meanwhile, our result does not rule out the case of abundant H$_{2}$ molecules. The low gas temperature observed in the debris disks is discussed in terms of inefficient heating by interstellar and stellar UV radiation.Comment: 25 pages, 5 figures, 9 tables, accepted for publication in Ap

Biosynthetic Pathway for Sex Pheromone Components Produced in a Plusiinae Moth, Plusia festucae

While many Plusiinae species commonly secrete (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc) as a key pheromone component, female moths of the rice looper (Plusia festucae) exceptionally utilize (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12:OAc) to communicate with their partners. GC–MS analysis of methyl esters derived from fatty acids included in the pheromone gland of P. festucae showed a series of esters monounsaturated at the ω7-position, i.e., (Z)-5-dodecenoate, (Z)-7-tetradecenoate, (Z)-9-hexadecenoate (Z9-16:Me), and (Z)-11-octadecenoate (Z11-18:Me). By topical application of D3-labled palmitic acid (16:Acid) and stearic acid (18:Acid) to the pheromone glands, similar amounts of D3-Z5-12:OAc were detected. The glands treated with D13-labeled monoenoic acids (Z9-16:Acid and Z11-18:Acid), which were custom-made by utilizing an acetylene coupling reaction with D13-1-bromohexane, also produced similar amounts of D13-Z5-12:OAc. These results suggested that Z5-12:OAc was biosynthesized by ω7-desaturase with low substrate specificity, which could introduce a double bond at the 9-position of a 16:Acid derivative and the 11-position of an 18:Acid derivative. Additional experiments with the glands pretreated with an inhibitor of chain elongation supported this speculation. Furthermore, a comparative study with another Plusiinae species (Chrysodeixis eriosoma) secreting Z7-12:OAc indicated that the β-oxidation systems of P. festucae and C. eriosoma were different