Densities at Pressures up to 200 MPa and Atmospheric Pressure Viscosities of Ionic Liquids 1‑Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Methylphosphate, 1‑Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate, 1‑Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate, and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

High pressure densities at (10–200) MPa over a range of temperatures and atmospheric pressure viscosities at (293–373) K for three ionic liquids (ILs) that are able to dissolve biomass, 1-ethyl-3-methyl­imidazolium methylphosphate ([emim]­[MP]), 1-ethyl-3-methyl­imidazolium diethylphosphate ([emim]­[DEP]), and 1-butyl-3-methyl­imidazolium acetate ([bmim]­[Ac]) are reported. Densities of the IL 1-butyl-3-methyl­imidazolium bis­(trifluoromethyl­sulfonyl)­imide ([bmim]­[Tf₂N]) were measured at the same conditions to verify the apparatus and to extend the range of present data. The high pressure densities of [emim]­[MP] and [emim]­[DEP] are newly measured in this work. Combined expanded uncertainties of densities for [emim]­[MP], [emim]­[DEP], [bmim]­[Ac], and [bmim]­[Tf₂N] were estimated to be 1.5 kg·m^–3, 1.4 kg·m^–3, 1.4 kg·m^–3, and 1.7 kg·m^–3, respectively. The Tait equation could correlate the experimental density data to within 0.03 % of average relative deviation. The derivative properties, isobaric expansivity, and isothermal compressibility were calculated using the Tait equation and it was observed that the isobaric expansivity decreased with increasing temperature. The trend of the isobaric expansivity and isothermal compressibility with temperature were in accordance with the theory of corresponding states using methanol for comparison

Variation of flower colors in F1 (A) and F2 hybrids (B).

<p>The horizontal axis is the standard color chart score. Larger scores indicate reddish color and smaller scores indicate yellowish color. Color chart scores from 2–13 were classified as the yellow group, and color chart scores from 14–23 were classified as the yellow-orange group. The vertical axis is the number of plants.</p

Typical reflectance spectra of F2 hybrids (above) and the relationship score, reflectance (below).

<p>(A) Reflectance spectra of the central part of tepals. Three representative F2 hybrids, DG11 (SCC=3), BD3 (SCC=13) and BC12 (SCC=21), are showed. (B) Reflectance spectra of the peripheral part of tepals. (C) The relationship between color chart score and relative reflectance at 525 nm of the central part of tepals. (D) The relationship between color chart score and relative reflectance at 360 nm of the peripheral part of tepals.</p

Variation of fragrance intensity in F1 (A) and F2 hybrids (B).

<p>The horizontal axis is the intensity of floral scent measured with a handheld odor meter. The odor meter can show relative intensity of scent in an arbitrary scale. All data sets were measured by the same odor meter for reproducibility. The vertical axis is the number of plants.</p

Relationship between flower color and fragrance in F2 hybrids.

<p>The horizontal axis is the standard color chart score. The vertical axis is the intensity of floral scent measured with the odor meter. A Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient is –0.0336 (<i>P</i>=0.684).</p

Reflectance spectra of tepals of two <i>Hemerocallis</i> species, F1 hybrid and Standard Color Charts.

<p>(A) Reflectance spectra of the central part of tepals (upper, <i>H. citrina</i>; center F1 hybrid; lower, <i>H. fulva</i>). (B) Reflectance spectra of the peripheral part of tepals (upper, <i>H. citrina</i>; center F1; lower, <i>H. fulva</i>). (C) Reflectance spectra of three representative Standard Color Charts (upper, SCC=3; center SCC=13; lower, SCC=23).</p

Partial regression coefficients of frequency of pollinator visits on flower color and scent intensity.

<p>Gray bars represent the daily results and black bars represent total results (**, <i>P</i><0.01; *, <i>P</i><0.05 after Bonferroni correction. panel A, C: swallowtail butterflies, n=285, panel B, D: hawkmoths, n=286). In flower color (A, B), the positive regression coefficient means that the pollinators prefer reddish flowers to yellowish flowers. Conversely the negative regression coefficient means that the pollinators prefer yellowish flowers to reddish flower. In floral scent (C, D), the positive regression coefficient means that the pollinators prefer the flowers with stronger scent. The negative regression coefficient means that the pollinators prefer the flowers with weaker scent.</p

The number of four groups of flower visitors observed in each time zone.

<p>The number of visitors were pooled during the observation period of experiment 1 (A) and experiment 2 (B).</p

Plant-to-plant transitions made by pollinators in plots containing <i>H. fulva</i> and F1 hybrids.

<p>The hypothesis tested here is that plant-to-plant movements are a simple extension of single-flower preference. Expected plant-to-plant movement frequencies are based on single-flower-visit preference and are round to whole numbers for presentation. If homotypic movements were more frequent than expected, then that provides evidence for floral constancy. The direction of movements is from the species listed on the left of each matrix to the species listed above.</p

Flowers of <i>H. fulva</i> (A), F1 hybrid (B), <i>H. citrina</i> (C) and F2 hybrids (D-F).

<p>Flowers of <i>H. fulva</i> (A), F1 hybrid (B), <i>H. citrina</i> (C) and F2 hybrids (D-F).</p