Solar Energy in the Logistics Sector: Assessments on Turkey

The fact that the current energy production resources have a tendency to be extinguished rapidly, the raw material prices have increased, their negative effects on the environment and human health, some difficulties in their use have increased the studies conducted on new and renewable energy sources in recent years. Among the renewable energy technologies, even though it is somewhat expensive, the easiest technology in terms of design and installation is the photovoltaic technology which is an application of solar energy. But its real superiority arises from the fact that it is a technology that does not pollute the environment, is environmentally friendly and has low maintenance costs. The use of solar energy has increased considerably with the increase in the use of renewable energy sources in the world and in our country in recent years and the roofs have had the largest share in this regard. Considering that more than 50% of the installed facilities in Germany and Italy, which are the starting point of solar energy in Europe, are on the roofs, the roofs have an important place in the increase of solar energy usage. Turkey is in fortunate situation compared to many countries in terms of the solar energy potential due to its geographical location. South Eastern Anatolia Region is the region that receives the most solar energy, this is followed by the Mediterranean Region. The logistics sector has recently been one of the sectors in which the solar energy is widely used in the world and in Turkey. In particular, significant reductions have been achieved in logistics costs with the solar energy systems installed on the roofs of the logistics warehouses, this event have increased the competitiveness of the companies. In addition, it is known that solar energy has been started to be used in the transportation activities and there are R & D studies for increasing road vehicles and cargo ships working with solar energy. In addition, efforts are being made to improve the solar-powered highways which strengthen the transport infrastructure and the logistics processes and these applications are becoming widespread. In study, the solar energy which is one of the mostly interested one among the renewable energy forms and the photovoltaic technology producing electrical energy using it will be discussed in this context, an then the current situation in Turkey and the World will be presented. Finally, the usage of the solar energy in the logistics sector and the applicaton examples in the world and in Turkey will be included

A Power Case Study for Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Solar Panels in Bursa City, Turkey

It was intended to reveal the time dependent power generation under different loads for two different solar panels under the conditions of Bursa province in between August 19 and 25, 2014. The testing sets include solar panels, inverter, multimeter, accumulator, regulator, pyranometer, pyrheliometer, temperature sensor, and datalogger. The efficiency of monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels was calculated depending on the climatic data’s measurements. As the result of the study, the average performances of monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels are 42.06 and 39.80 Wh, respectively. It was seen that 87.14 W instantaneous power could be obtained from monocrystalline solar panel and that 80.17 W instantaneous power could be obtained from polycrystalline solar panel under maximum total radiation (1001.13 W/m2). Within this frame, it was determined that monocrystalline solar panel is able to operate more efficiently under the conditions of Bursa compared to polycrystalline solar panel. When the multivariate correlations coefficients were examined statistically, a significant relationship in positive direction was detected between total and direct radiation and ambient temperature on energy generation from monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel

Characterızation of FTO/TIO2/MAPbI3/C60/Ag layers and perovskıte solar cell under stress factors

Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından olan Güneş enerjisi büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. Ancak yenilenebilir enerjilerden elektrik enerjisi üreten sistemler ve teknolojiler sürdürülebilir kullanım için yüksek verim ve düşük maliyetleri karşılamak noktasında yetersiz kalmaktadır. Güneş hücrelerinin üretimindeki teknolojilerin ilerlemesi ile yeni nesil güneş hücreleri kendilerine bu alanda yer bulmaya başlamışlardır. Bu yeni nesil güneş hücreleri arasında olan perovskit güneş hücreleri düşük maliyetleri ve yüksek verimleriyle bilim insanlarının dikkatini çekmektedir. Ancak perovskit güneş hücrelerinin piyasada ticari olarak bulunamamasının sebebi üretimlerinden kısa bir süre sonra bozunmaları ve verimlilik değerlerini kaybetmeleridir. Bu tez çalışmasında; FTO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/C60/Ag konfigürasyonunda üretilmiş olan perovskit güneş hücrelerinin hem hücre hem de tabaka bazlı bozunmaları incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda tabakalardan CH3NH3PbI3 ve C60 termal buharlaştırma yöntemi ile TiO2 tabakası ise sputter (saçtırma) yöntemi ayrı ayrı cam taban malzemeler üzerine büyütülmüştür. Üretilen malzemelerin yapısal karakterizasyonu için XRD (X- ışını Kırınımı) desenlerinin analizleri, yüzey morfolojisi analizleri için Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu, optik absorbasyon ve ışıl geçirgenlik için UV-Vis Soğurma Spektroskopisi analizleri yapılmıştır. Üretilen malzemelerin bozunma mekanizmaları laboratuvar atmosferi, vakum atmosferi, ışık banyosunda, ultraviyole ışık altında ve oksijen gazı altında yaşlandırılmış durumları için elektriksel karakterizasyon yöntemleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Elektriksel karakterizasyon yöntemleri olarak ışık akısına bağlı, sıcaklığa bağlı, zamana bağlı, karanlık ve aydınlık iletkenlik ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Stres faktörleri altında tabakalarda elde edilen sonuçlar ile hücrelerde elde edilen sonuçlar arasında korelasyon kurularak bozunmanın etkilerine ışık tutulmaya çalışılmıştır.Solar energy, which is one of the renewable energy sources, has a great potential. However, systems and technologies that produce electrical energy from renewable energies are insufficient to meet high efficiency and low costs for sustainable use. With the advancement of technologies in the production of solar cells, new generation solar cells have begun to find a place for themselves in this field. Perovskite solar cells, which are among these new generation solar cells, attract the attention of scientists with their low cost and high efficiency. However, the reason why the perovskite solar cells are not commercially available in the market is that they degrade shortly after their production and lose their efficiency values. In this thesis study; both cell and layer-based degradation of perovskite solar cells produced in FTO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/C60/Ag configuration were investigated. In this context, CH3NH3PbI3 and C60 are produced by thermal evaporation method and TiO2 layer is produced by sputter method separately on glass substrates. XRD (X-ray Diffraction) analyses were performed for the structural characterization of the produced materials. Scanning Electron Microscope analyzes (Scanning Tunneling Microscope) were performed for surface morphology analyzes. UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy analyzes were performed for optical absorption and light transmittance. The degradation mechanisms of the produced materials were characterized by electrical characterization methods for their aged conditions in laboratory atmosphere, vacuum atmosphere, light soaking, ultraviolet (UV) light application and oxygen application. As electrical characterization methods, light flux-dependent, temperature-dependent, time-dependent, dark and light conductivity measurements were carried out. The effects of degradation were evaluated by establishing a correlation between the results obtained in the layers under stress factors and the results obtained in the cells