Nuclear Shape Transition Between Spherical U(5) and γ-Unstable O(6) Limits of the Interacting Boson Model

The interacting boson model (IBM) with intrinsic coherent state (characterized by and ) is used to describe the nuclear second order shape phase transition (denoted E(5)) between the spherical oscillator U(5) and the -soft rotor O(6) structural limits. The potential energy surfaces (PES's) have been derived and the critical points of the phase transition have been determined . The model is examined for the spectra of even-even neutron rich xenon isotopic chain. The best adopted parameters in the IBM Hamiltonian for each nucleus have been adjusted to reproduce as closely as possible the experimental selected numbers of excitation energies of the yrast band, by using computer simulated search program.Using the best fitted parameters , the energy ratios for the  levels are calculated and compared to those of the O(6) and U(5) dynamical symmetry limits.122Xe and 132Xe are considered as examples for the two O(6) and U(5) dynamical symmetry limit

Removal of Methylene Blue Dyes from Aqueous System Using Composite Polymeric-Apatite Resins

Removal of cationic dyes from industrial effluents is still a big and challenging subject in the field of environmental purification. Millions of tons of cationic dyes are consumed by the textile, rubber, paper, and plastic industries. These dyes have thousands of different chemical structures. Most of them have special properties, such as high hydrophilicity and stability to light or heat. Adsorption is commonly used as a technique for removing dyes. Removal of cationic dyes by adsorption is a promising approach because of its low performance cost and easy technical access. The amount adsorbed of the dye onto the polymeric resin is studied with time for estimating the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of dye with time shows that mixing period of 10 min is optimum for attaining equilibrium with respect to R1 and R2, while attaining equilibrium with R3 takes 60 min. This findings represent a rapid kinetic for adsorption of MB, particularly R1, on the prepared resins. Different kinetic models were applied on the obtained results and the kinetic parameters were determined. The kinetic models correlate the amount adsorbed of dye with time. The values of calculated adsorption capacity qe and the linear regression coefficient clarify that the studied kinetic model could not fit with the experimental results for adsorption of MB onto R1, R2, and R3. The results of the studied kinetic model clarify that the experimental results for adsorption of MB onto R1, R2, and R3 could be described by kinetic model supporting chemical adsorption. The sorption of MB could be favorably described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model onto the composite resins. This finding refers to the participation of chemical adsorption within the adsorption mechanism for MB onto R1, R2, and R3

Laboratory Investigation of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

Twelve bacterial strains were isolated from Saudi crude oils and formation waters. Experimental work was conducted to identify the bacterial isolates, determine the compositions of the appropriate nutrients and carry out surface phenomena measurements. Based on the results obtained, three bacterial strains (O12, O6a, O9) were selected for displacement tests.The effects of nutrient type, bacterial type, permeability, API and salinity on oil recovery were investigated. Results show that the bacterial strains O12 and O6a were found to produce biogases and biosurfactants. Biopolymers were produced by O9. The greatest oil recovery was obtained from activation of the indigenous bacteria by 1% molasses concentration. Injection of the bacterial strains O9 and O6a in glucose or sucrose media resulted in a higher recovery of oil. No effects on oil recovery was observed upon changing permeability from 453 to 3736 md and salinity from 4.2 to 10% of total dissolved salt

Laboratory Investigation of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

Twelve bacterial strains were isolated from Saudi crude oils and formation waters. Experimental work was conducted to identify the bacterial isolates, determine the compositions of the appropriate nutrients and carry out surface phenomena measurements. Based on the results obtained, three bacterial strains (O12, O6a, O9) were selected for displacement tests.The effects of nutrient type, bacterial type, permeability, API and salinity on oil recovery were investigated. Results show that the bacterial strains O12 and O6a were found to produce biogases and biosurfactants. Biopolymers were produced by O9. The greatest oil recovery was obtained from activation of the indigenous bacteria by 1% molasses concentration. Injection of the bacterial strains O9 and O6a in glucose or sucrose media resulted in a higher recovery of oil. No effects on oil recovery was observed upon changing permeability from 453 to 3736 md and salinity from 4.2 to 10% of total dissolved salt