Role of Gender in Contraceptive Use among Currently Married Women in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

In India there is noticeable regional variation in gender preference and contraceptive use. Preference for son is often assumed to be a significant barrier to fertility reduction. Thus in this context present study tries to explore the association between gender preference and contraceptive use among currently married women in states Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Bihar of India using dataset of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-III), 2005-06 and Family Welfare Year Book 2001. The study reveals about 83 percent women having no sons have desire for more children in UP whereas this value goes up to 87 percent for Bihar. Study also reflects that only 18 and 6 percent women with no living son in UP and Bihar respectively are using any contraception indicating high preference for male child. Therefore it is concluded that the son preference have significant and strong impact on acceptance of any family planning method. Key words: Son preference, contraceptive use, family planning

AN APPROACH FOR DESIGNING OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES FOR PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF HIV/AIDS

Transdermal drug delivery is an alternative route for systemic drug delivery system, which minimizes the absorption of drugs and increases the bioavailability through systemic circulation. Currently available anti-HIV drugs bear some significant drawbacks, such as relatively short half life, low bioavailability, poor permeability and undesirable side effects. The purpose of this work is to formulate and evaluate transdermal drug delivery system of anti-HIV drug using various polymers such as HPMC, PVP and ethyl cellulose by solvent evaporation technique for improvement of bioavailability of drug and reducing toxic effects. By this mean we can achieve dosage form with reduce dosing frequency,  increase the bioavailability, decrease the degradation and metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, improve the CNS penetration and inhibit the CNS efflux and deliver them to the target cells effectively with minimal side effects. This paper provides details of preformulation study, drug selection criteria, formulation strategies, evaluation perspective, Stability approaches for sustain drug release kinetics

Decelerating mortality rates in older ages and its prospects through Lee-Carter approach.

The present study attempts to study the age pattern mortality and prospects through Lee-Carter approach. The objectives of the study are to examine the trend of mortality decline and life expectancy. Contemporaneously, we have projected life expectancy up to 2025, projecting ASDR using Lee-Carter method. Life table aging rate (LAR) used to estimate the rate of mortality deceleration. Overtime, LAR increased and during recent decade it remained more or less unchanged. By age, LAR significant increased in the oldest of old. The slope is steepest in the oldest of old in the recent decade. The rates of mortality increased in oldest of old as the age group is more vulnerable to chronic disease and vulnerable to identifiable risk factors for virtually every disease, marked by senility. The analysis revealed that the level of mortality is not declining but rate of acceleration is declining and is further expected to decline. By the year 2025, the age specific death rates for the age group 5-9 and 10-14 will go below one per thousand.Life expectancy will attained as high as 73 and 79 years for male and female and is further expected to increase linearly. 71 percent of total female birth and 57 percent of total male birth will survive up to age 70+. Also the findings revealed that mortality rate is declining with constant rate up to age 70 and thereafter, the mortality rate accelerates and this holds true for both sexes

Ecological context of infant mortality in high-focus states of India

OBJECTIVES: This goal of this study was to shed light on the ecological context as a potential determinant of the infant mortality rate in nine high-focus states in India. METHODS: Data from the Annual Health Survey (2010-2011), the Census of India (2011), and the District Level Household and Facility Survey 3 (2007-08) were used in this study. In multiple regression analysis explanatory variable such as underdevelopment is measured by the non-working population, and income inequality, quantified as the proportion of households in the bottom wealth quintile. While, the trickle-down effect of education is measured by female literacy, and investment in health, as reflected by neonatal care facilities in primary health centres. RESULTS: A high spatial autocorrelation of district infant mortality rates was observed, and ecological factors were found to have a significant impact on district infant mortality rates. The result also revealed that non-working population and income inequality were found to have a negative effect on the district infant mortality rate. Additionally, female literacy and new-born care facilities were found to have an inverse association with the infant mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions at the community level can reduce district infant mortality rates

Forecasts of mortality index k from (0, 1, 0) model, India.

<p><b>Note:</b> k_t values at 95% confidence intervals.</p><p>LCL: Lower Confidence Limit.</p><p>UCL: Upper Confidence Limit.</p

Life Table Aging Rate (LAR) for Male and Female in the older age, India, 1999.

<p>Life Table Aging Rate (LAR) for Male and Female in the older age, India, 1999.</p

Life Table Aging Rate (LAR) for Male and Female in the older age, India, 1993.

<p>Life Table Aging Rate (LAR) for Male and Female in the older age, India, 1993.</p

Forecasts of numbers surviving to exact ages for selected years, India.

<p>Forecasts of numbers surviving to exact ages for selected years, India.</p

Estimated k_t values during 1981–2007 for India.

<p>Estimated k_t values during 1981–2007 for India.</p

Observed and expected age specific death rates for India.

<p><b><i>Note:</i></b> Obs – Observed.</p><p>Exp - Expected.</p