Distribution of reverse transcriptase resistance-associated mutations among 1,798 antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients.

<p>Abbreviations: NRTI; nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.</p

Factors associated with primary HIV drug resistance by duration of HIV infection - univariate logistic regression.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> HBsAg – hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HCV – antibody to hepatitis C virus.</p>*<p>p-value is for test for trend (excluding missing values) for age groups, CDC category, and HIV RNA.</p

Baseline characteristics of 1,798 HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients stratified by duration of HIV infection.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> HBsAg – hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HCV – antibody to hepatitis C virus.</p>*<p>p-value calculated for categorical data that did not include missing values, using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.</p

Distribution of protease resistance-associated mutations among 1,798 antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients.

<p>Distribution of protease resistance-associated mutations among 1,798 antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients.</p

Renal Dysfunction during Tenofovir Use in a Regional Cohort of HIV-Infected Individuals in the Asia-Pacific

<div><p>Background</p><p>In resource-limited settings, routine monitoring of renal function during antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not been recommended. However, concerns for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-related nephrotoxicity persist with increased use.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We investigated serum creatinine (S-Cr) monitoring rates before and during ART and the incidence and prevalence of renal dysfunction after starting TDF by using data from a regional cohort of HIV-infected individuals in the Asia-Pacific. Time to renal dysfunction was defined as time from TDF initiation to the decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to <60 ml/min/1.73m² with >30% reduction from baseline using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation or the decision to stop TDF for reported TDF-nephrotoxicity. Predictors of S-Cr monitoring rates were assessed by Poisson regression and risk factors for developing renal dysfunction were assessed by Cox regression.</p><p>Results</p><p>Among 2,425 patients who received TDF, S-Cr monitoring rates increased from 1.01 to 1.84 per person per year after starting TDF (incidence rate ratio 1.68, 95%CI 1.62–1.74, p <0.001). Renal dysfunction on TDF occurred in 103 patients over 5,368 person-years of TDF use (4.2%; incidence 1.75 per 100 person-years). Risk factors for developing renal dysfunction included older age (>50 vs. ≤30, hazard ratio [HR] 5.39, 95%CI 2.52–11.50, p <0.001; and using PI-based regimen (HR 1.93, 95%CI 1.22–3.07, p = 0.005). Having an eGFR prior to TDF (pre-TDF eGFR) of ≥60 ml/min/1.73m² showed a protective effect (HR 0.38, 95%CI, 0.17–0.85, p = 0.018).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Renal dysfunction on commencing TDF use was not common, however, older age, lower baseline eGFR and PI-based ART were associated with higher risk of renal dysfunction during TDF use in adult HIV-infected individuals in the Asia-Pacific region.</p></div

Factors associated with rates of serum creatinine monitoring after ART initiation.

<p>Factors associated with rates of serum creatinine monitoring after ART initiation.</p

Baseline demographics of patients who have ever received TDF.

<p>Baseline demographics of patients who have ever received TDF.</p

Factors associated with time to renal dysfunction during TDF use.

<p>Factors associated with time to renal dysfunction during TDF use.</p

Crude rates of serum creatinine monitoring for each year on TDF.

<p>Crude rates of serum creatinine monitoring for each year on TDF.</p