Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics of TBM and non-TBM study participants.

<p>Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics of TBM and non-TBM study participants.</p

Clustering patterns of potential biomarkers according to participant clinical status (TBM, non-TBM, ART-naïve and ART-experienced).

<p>Hierarchical clustering heat map of potential biomarker profiles for (A) plasma analytes and (B) CSF analytes of patients with and without TBM (on ART and not on ART). Blue represents low concentration of biomarker below the median and red depicts high concentration of biomarker above the median value. (C) PCA plots of biomarkers in the plasma and (D) CSF of TBM and non-TBM patients. The % of variance explained by each PC is displayed on the respective axis.</p

HIV-1 viral loads in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

<p>(A) Plasma viral loads are significantly higher than CSF viral loads in ART-naïve participants. (B) For ART-experienced participants with meningitis, there was no significant difference in HIV-1 viral load levels when comparing plasma versus CSF. (C) HIV-1 viral loads in the CSF versus plasma of ART-naïve patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM), showing no significant differences between the two compartments. (D) ART-naïve non-TBM patients had significantly higher plasma compared to CSF viral loads. (E) Plasma viral loads of ART-naïve patients with TBM versus other meningitides are not significantly different. (F) Significantly higher HIV-1 viral loads in CSF of ART-naïve TBM patients compared to those with other meningitides. P-values are shown for each comparison and are bolded if the differences are statistically significant.</p

Demographic, clinical characteristics and summary of drug resistance testing profiles of patients with persistent viremia treated with first-line antiretroviral therapy.

<p>Demographic, clinical characteristics and summary of drug resistance testing profiles of patients with persistent viremia treated with first-line antiretroviral therapy.</p

Comparison of plasma and CSF potential biomarker levels for all ART-naïve assayed participants.

<p>Comparison of plasma and CSF potential biomarker levels for all ART-naïve assayed participants.</p

Flow diagram of the study participants and their grouping.

<p>Participants with matched plasma and CSF samples were included in the current study. Quantification of viral loads and potential biomarkers were performed on all participants, then viral loads and potential biomarkers comparison analysis were restricted to definite TBM versus non-TBM groups.</p