Alteration in Zeta Potential of Erythrocytes in Preeclampsia Patients

Erythrocyte is one of the earliest and extensively analyzed blood cells in blood physiological and clinical studies. The erythrocyte membrane is negatively charged and sialic acid residues are responsible for most of the negative charge at the cell surface. This negative charge on the red blood cells (RBC) surface is believed to prevent RBC aggregation. This charge varies in different disease condition which can be determined by zeta potential (ZP) values. The present study deals with alteration in zeta potential of erythrocytes in preeclampsia patients. The mean erythrocytic ZP of control pregnant women taken during third trimester was found to be 21.64 ± 0.3122 mV whereas; when erythrocytic ZP of preeclampsia patients was measured it was found to be 15.13 ± 0.1393 mV which was significantly less than that of control pregnant volunteers. Alteration in zeta potential value was accompanied by endothelial damage which is able to mechanically deform and hemolyze erythrocytes as they pass through the capillaries. It was also observed from determination of lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes, that there is formation of higher concentration of malondialdehyde within the erythrocytes of preeclampsia patients. The data suggest that, in preeclampsia there is excessive accumulation of oxidative stress which causes injury to vascular endothelial cells by generation of lipid peroxides and detachment of sialic acid residues. As a result there is alteration in the net negative surface charge on RBCs extracellular membrane which leads to alteration in zeta potential value. Thus it can be concluded that zeta potential value of erythrocytes can act as a screening test to anticipate pregnancies at high risk for this complication

Application of polymeric nanoparticles in oral delivery of recombinant human erythropoietin: A review

Recombinant Human Erythropoietin drugs are known as erythropoietin stimulating agents which stimulate the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells in the body. It is used an antianemic in the treatment of renal anemia and chemotherapy induced anemia. It also use in treatment of HIV, cerebral malaria and neurological disease like schizophrenia. The recombinant human erythropoietin dosage form currently available in the market is parenteral dosage form that is ready for injection liquid vial (syringe), which is usually administered 2-3 times weekly. To achieve a therapeutic effect of parenterally administered EPO, cumulative doses are required that significantly exceed levels of endogenous EPO. These high serum levels result in prolonged circulation times of EPO and unspecific binding to non-targeted tissue, which may lead to severe undesired side effects i.e. growth of tumor and also increased risk of death. By using the nanotechnology, side effects and toxicity related to high dose of erythropoietin should be reduces and prolong drug release. this will achieve by reducing administration frequency and lowering dosage of erythropoietin. Keywords: Recombinant Human Erythropoietin, Nanoparticle, Prolong drug release, Anemi

Zeta Potential as a Diagnostic Tool to Determine the Angina Risk

Red blood cells (RBCs) moving in circulation are continuously exposed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are circulating within the vascular system of body. The objective of the study is to determine the erythrocyte zeta potential and its morphological changes caused by oxidative stress in hypertensive patients in relation to the risk of development of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction). In this retrospective study, we investigated 186 samples, which include hypertension patients (n = 64), myocardial infarction patients (n = 52), treated myocardial infarction patients (n = 20), and normal healthy volunteers (n = 50). Morphological and electrochemical characteristics of RBCs in patients were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and zeta potential study. These parameters were also statistically analyzed applying one way ANNOVA (Tukey’s comparison) using Graph Pad. Statistical analyses of data showed that Hypertensive (ZP-16.06 mV) and cardiac patients (ZP-9.94 mV) RBCs possessed significantly reduced zeta potential relative to that of RBCs from healthy individuals (ZP-23.39 mV) (P-value <0.0001). Microscopic imaging of Hypertensive RBCs revealed increased anisocytes and poikilocytes. These parameters were found exacerbated in patients suffering from Myocardial infarction. Hence, it can be concluded that ZP can be used as an effective diagnostic tool for detection of hypertension associated cardiovascular disorder risk