Analysis of some bacterial load on waste scavengers in selected locations within Jere Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria

Throughout cities of Africa, Asia and Latin America, varying number of poor individuals survive by scavenging materials from the waste stream. These people recover the materials to sell for reuse or recycling as well as diverse items for their own consumption. This work was aimed to determine the presence of bacterial load on waste scavengers from four dumpsites in Jere Local Government Area of Borno State. A total 20 samples (10 each) from waste scavengers were collected from two (2) different dumpsites and transported to the Microbiology Laboratory. Nine different types of bacteria were isolated and identified from the study sites. Staphylococcus. aureus, Escherichia. coli, Klebsiella sp, Salmonella sp, Shigella, Enterobacter sp, Proteus sp, and Staphylococcus epidermidis and other species of Staphylococcus were isolated. The Mean Bacterial Load on Waste Scavengers at Selected Dumpsites was 2.659x1010 CFU/mL and 2.228x1010 CFU/mL. for Kwanar Mutuwa Dumpsite and State Low-cost Dumpsite respectively. The highest number of bacterial colony per plate (300) was found in Kwanar Mutuwa Dumpsite as compared with the lowest colony per plate (40) from State Low-cost Dumpsite. Other bacteria species isolated from samples Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp and Shigella sp, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Klebsiella sp. This study has determined the presence of bacteria on waste scavengers and as such recommended that hygienic measure should be strictly observed by waste scavengers after retiring from their work before interacting with the members of the community. Provision of protective clothing, face masks and hand gloves while handling waste should be encouraged by waste managers and ensure they use the materials effectively

Prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in two health facilities within Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria

Trichomoniasis being referred to as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection of both male and female urogenital organs. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among pregnant women attending antenatal at Sabon Tasha General Hospital (STGH) and Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital (YDMH) who were not on any treatment for sexually transmitted infection for 30 days prior to the period of this research. A total of four hundred and five (405) pregnant women consisting of two hundred and one (201) and two hundred four (204) from Sabon Tasha General Hospital and Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital respectively, were involved in the study between the periods of September 2019 to January 2020. Socio-demographic information such as age and marital status were obtained from all participating women within the age range of 15-43 years. The prevalence of trichomoniasis 25(6.17%) and 9(4.48%) for YDMH and STGH respectively was observed. Although the highest rate of trichomoniasis infection was recorded in age group of sexually active women (26-30), the prevalence of trichomoniasis in this study was not significantly affected by age and marital status (P>0.05). However, the variation of infection rate between the two health facilities in this study is an indication that the prevalence rate of trichomoniasis varies with location, nature of hygiene, sexual habit and level of education of the individual. The study advocates for sexual and health education at every antenatal clinic and routine screening for trichomoniasis among pregnant and women of reproductive age in order to curb the outbreak of the disease

Bacterial assessment of effluents from selected abattoirs into adjoining water bodies in Kaduna Metropolis

Abattoir effluents discharged into water bodies have high health implications. The study was carried within Mar to September 2019, to isolate and characterize bacteria from effluents discharged into water bodies from three Local Government Area Kaduna South (Kakuri), Chikun (Sabo-Tasha) and Kaduna North (Kawo) abattoirs within Kaduna metropolis. Three hundred of water samples were collected during the period of study. The samples were analyzed for bacterial content using standard Spread plate technique. The water samples collected content the mixture of blood, urine, piece of bone, faeces, etc. The result obtained from the water samples from the three abattoirs showed a bacterial high means count of 3.5 x 103CFU/mL Kakuri abattoirs showed means bacterial count of 2.40x103CFU/mL, Sabo abattoirs showed means count of 2.20 x103CFU/mL and Kawo abattoir showed means of 1.90 x 103 CFU/mL Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., Enterobacter sp., Shigella sp. and Preteus sp. were isolated from waste water samples obtained from the three abattoirs. Analysis of the water sample obtained from the three abattoirs were observed to have a high numbers of bacterial that are harmful to human like E. coli. There is need to study the ecological implication of these  bacteria. Keywords: Abattoirs, Bacterial Content, Characterize, Effluent and Metropolis

Occurrence of helminths on Clarias gariepinus, (African Catfish) caught in selected points along river Kaduna, Nigeria

Fish is an important source of food and income to many developing countries, parasites usually affect the marketability of the commercially produced fish, thus raising public health concern especially in areas where raw or smoked fish is eaten. The study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of helminths in fish sold in selected catching point along river Kadona. A total number of eighty [80] African Catfish were randomly purchased from fishermen along River Kaduna [Malali and Kabala Doki] on weekly basis from June – December, 2018.The samples were subjected to examination for helminth parasites using standard parasitological techniques. The result shows that out of eighty [80] examined, 15[35.0%] and 11[27.5%] were infected at Malali and Kabala Doki respectively. Larger fish weighed between 601-1000g had the highest prevalence 11[45.4%)] and 2[50%] in Malali and Kabala Doki respectively. The standard length ranges between 31-50cm from Malali and Kabala Doki had 5[50%] and 3[60%] prevalence respectively. Female sample have the highest prevalence in Malali 8[38.1%] and Kabala 7[31.8%].The helminth parasites recorded are cestode having two [2] different species [Polyonchobothrium sp. and Bothriocephalus sp.], others include Paracamellamus sp. [Nematode] and Heterophase sp. [Trematode]. Endoparasites recorded the highest number of parasite with stomach having [10] and small intestines [12] in Kabala and Malali area respectively. The statistical analysis showed no relationship between ecto and endo parasites infection. More helminth parasites were recovered from the intestine (17) than the gills and skin (03). Females were infected more with 31.8 and 38.1% than the males with 22.2 and 31.6% in Kabala Doki and Malali catching points respectively. Further research is recommended on a large scale to ascertain the level of damage on the histopathology of the tissues and organs of infected fish

Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in participants at selected hospitals, Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Malaria, endemic in Nigeria, is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles spp. of mosquitoes. The majority of infections are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, the most severe of the five malaria parasites. Malaria parasite prevalence studies had been undertaken in many parts of Nigeria but there seem to be little information in literature on the prevalence of the disease in Kaduna metropolis. It is in view of the above that this work was conducted to determine the prevalence of P. falciparum malaria. Three-hundred and five (305) participants aged 1-60 years were screened for P. falciparum malaria parasitemia using HRP-2 pf Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Device. Thick and thin films were also prepared from the venous blood containing EDTA for microscopy. The plus sign scheme was used to report the degree of parasitemia. ABO and Rh blood groups of the participants were also determined on the basis of agglutination method with commercially purchased monoclonal ABD antisera. Of the three hundred and five (305) participants screened (165 males and 140 females), 121 (39.7%) blood samples were positive for P. falciparum which comprise 79 (47.9%) males and 42 (30.0%) females. Malaria parasitaemia was present in all the blood-groups, and agegroups but prevalence varied among the groups. Chi-square values obtained showed no significant difference or association among age-groups and ABO blood group (p>0.05). However the prevalence of malaria in relation to gender, and Rh D factor in ABO blood group with malaria was statistically significant (p<0.05).Keywords: Malaria; ABO blood groups; rhesus D factor; prevalence; parasitaemi

Xenomonitoring of trypanosome infectivity in Tse tse flies from Kagarko Local Government Area, Kaduna State Nigeria

Trypanosomiasis is a re-emerging neglected tropical disease, afflicting domestic, wild animals and humans. In this study, the tsetse fly infectivity and species composition of Trypanosoma species were determined in Kagarko Local Government Area, Kaduna State Nigeria using entomological protocol. The tsetse flies were sampled using standard biconical traps and the flies collected were dissected for trypanosome using microscopy as well as expression of tsetse antigen 5 (TAg 5) using molecular tools. Forty seven (47) tsetse flies were collected over a period of four months, of which 13 (34.21%) were infected with Trypanosoma spp. The species of trypanosome identified include T. vivax 7(53.85%), T. congolense 5(38.46%) and T. brucei 1(7.69%), while expression of TAg 5 was observed in four of the examined flies. The presence of the flies with trypanosome of veterinary and medical importance  demonstrate the risk of transmission of trypanosomiasis in the study area