'Language Background Other Than English': a problem NAPLaN test category for Australian students of refugee background

Since 2008 Australia has held the National Assessment Program: Literacy and Numeracy (known as NAPLAN) for all students in years 3, 5, 7 and 9. Despite the multilingual character of the Australian population, these standardized literacy and numeracy tests are built on an assumption of English as a first language competency. The capacity for monitoring the performance of students who speak languages other than English is achieved through the disaggregation of test data using a category labelled Language Background Other than English (LBOTE). A student is classified as LBOTE if they or their parents speak a language other than English at home. The category definition is so broad that the disaggregated national data suggest that LBOTE students are outperforming English speaking students, on most test domains, though the LBOTE category shows greater variance of results. Drawing on Foucault’s theory of governmentality, this article explores the possible implications of LBOTE categorisation for English as a Second Language (ESL) students of refugee background. The article uses a quantitative research project, carried out in Queensland, Australia, to demonstrate the potential inequities resultant from such a poorly constructed data category

Historical Perspective on Spiritual Education in Australian Schools Part II: A Personal Development Basis

While practically all of what could be regarded as ‘spiritual education’ in Australian schools occurs within religious education, there is a range of activities that, while not necessarily religious, set out to promote the spiritual and moral development of pupils. This article provides a big picture, historical summary of some of these developments. Referring to ongoing work by the author on education and young people’s spirituality, it also proposes how spiritual education might be progressed in across-thecurriculum studies through a critical, student-centred, research pedagogy addressing contemporary issues