Cell type-specific transcriptional responses of plants to salinity.

Soil salinity reduces the growth of glycophytic plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. In vascular plants, roots are organized into concentric layers of cells and each layer has a specific biological function coordinated with other cell types in the root. Therefore, genes differentially expressed in response to a salt stress are also likely to be changing only in specific cell types, and thus may not be revealed at the organ level. In order to identify novel salt-responsive genes, cell-type specific transcriptomic approaches were undertaken in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, with application of physiologically reasonable salt stress (50 mM) over 48 hours. Two cell-types from the root were chosen in both species for their potential role in salt storage and transport: cortical and pericycle/stelar cells respectively. Cell-types of interest expressing specifically Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) were isolated from the rest of the root using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The outer layer of the root was found to be responding more than the inner part of the root after 48 hours of salt stress, with an overall down-regulation in both rice and Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis cortical cells responding to salt seem to regulate the cell wall biosynthesis, which may modulate the shape of the cells or alter the apoplastic movements of solutes in response to salt. Genes related to transport were affected by salt in Arabidopsis, with the crucial role of cortical cells in the movement of solutes being evident. Rice cortical cells respond to salt by showing a more extreme defense reaction in changing the protein metabolism and the regulation of transcription. The response of the inner part of the rice root to 48 hours of mild salt stress showed up-regulation of genes implicated in broader functional categories. The biological relevance of genes revealed using cell type-specific transcriptomics was demonstrated in a salt assay using knock-out (KO) lines of candidate genes from both cell-types in Arabidopsis thaliana. Three KO mutant lines showed 20% reduction in shoot sodium after 5 weeks of salt stress and were also able to maintain a higher shoot dry weight. These transcriptomic studies of isolated stelar and cortical cells in response to a mild salt stress have revealed salt responsive genes and pathways, indicating new areas for further study, and contributing to our understanding of the complex responses of plants to their environment at the cellular level.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 201

CLEC-1 is a death sensor that limits antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells and represents a target for cancer immunotherapy

International audienceTumors exploit numerous immune checkpoints, including those deployed by myeloid cells to curtail antitumor immunity. Here, we show that the C-type lectin receptor CLEC-1 expressed by myeloid cells senses dead cells killed by programmed necrosis. Moreover, we identified Tripartite Motif Containing 21 (TRIM21) as an endogenous ligand overexpressed in various cancers. We observed that the combination of CLEC-1 blockade with chemotherapy prolonged mouse survival in tumor models. Loss of CLEC-1 reduced the accumulation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells in tumors and invigorated the activation state of dendritic cells (DCs), thereby increasing T cell responses. Mechanistically, we found that the absence of CLEC-1 increased the cross-presentation of dead cellassociated antigens by conventional type-1 DCs. We identified antihuman CLEC-1 antagonist antibodies able to enhance antitumor immunity in CLEC-1 humanized mice. Together, our results demonstrate that CLEC-1 acts as an immune checkpoint in myeloid cells and support CLEC-1 as a novel target for cancer immunotherapy