Research and "Development as Freedom" - Improving Democracy and Effectiveness in Pharmaceutical Innovation for Neglected Tropical Diseases

L'articolo affronta dapprima il sistema dei brevetti, alla luce di un ripensamento del ruolo da assegnare alla proprietà intellettuale, ripensamento ispirato dalla teoria del valore sociale della proprietà e secondo il quale i diritti di proprietà intellettuale dovrebbero essere al servizio di una funzione sociale, oltre che di interessi privati. L’autrice, pertanto, sostiene che la protezione dei diritti umani, oltre al suo intrinseco valore morale, favorisca la creazione di condizioni essenziali per lo sviluppo umano, poiché i frutti dell’innovazione non possono produrre benefici economici finché non vi sia un contesto appropriato per la loro fruizione. L’articolo, poi, dà conto di come l’insufficienza della ricerca sulle malattie tropicali, negli ultimi anni, abbia meritato l’intervento di molte organizzazioni pubbliche, nazionali ed internazionali, e di come vari sistemi di incentivazione della ricerca stessa siano stati creati in alternativa ai brevetti. Di conseguenza, l'autrice suggerisce che il ragionamento che ha condotto al ripensamento sul ruolo della proprietà intellettuale dovrebbe essere esteso anche ad altri sistemi di incentivazione dello sviluppo ad essa alternativi

Public art and copyright law: how the public nature of architecture changes copyright protection

The article analyses from a copyright standpoint the main cases of copying of architectural works

Innovazione, spazi e attori in una città metropolitana: il caso mare culturale urbano

Il Capitolo analizza il progetto di riqualificazione di quartiere “mare culturale urbano” di Milano attraverso le fasi in cui si è articolato: l’emergere dell’idea nel contesto abilitante fornito dal Comune; la formazione della squadra e la scelta del modello giuridico e di governance, ovvero l’impresa sociale; l’avvio del progetto con il reperimento dei finanziamenti

Public architectural art and its spirits of instability

L'articolo esamina come la tutela tipica del copyright si modifichi quando applicata alle opere di Public Art

Smart cities a misura d’autore: quale disciplina per i citizen-generated content?

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Bringing Back in the Spatial Dimension in the Assessment of Cultural and Creative Industries and Its Relationship with a City’s Sustainability: The Case of Milan

The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (CCCM) is a valuable tool to measure and compare European cities’ cultural and creative vitality. It addresses three dimensions: the presence of cultural venues and facilities (i.e., Cultural Vibrancy); the jobs and innovations connected to the so-called creative industries (i.e., the Creative Economy); and the enabling conditions for culture and creativity diffusion: human capital, diversity, trust and openness, international accessibility, and connectivity (i.e., an Enabling Environment). Comparing and ranking cities on these different dimensions offer policymakers the possibility of developing strategies related to their development (Montalto et al. 2019). However, as is recognized in the report presenting the CCCM, significant methodological limitations exist. They are related to both the tool and the potential behavioral implications it generates (JRC-OECD Handbook, 2008) and to the difficulties with addressing a multifaceted phenomenon with scant data, which offer limited opportunities to adequately measure cultural and creative cities (Van Puyenbroeck et al. 2021). In this paper, we integrate the CCCM framework to propose a spatially contextualized application at the city level as a tool to support policymakers’ understanding of the potential role of cultural and creative organizations in city development (Soini and Dessein, 2016). We, therefore, build our arguments on a recent stream of research showing the importance of the spatial dimension to understand the relevance of cultural and creative industries within a context and inform decision-makers (Boal-San Miguel and Herrero-Prieto, 2020). This spatial dimension is even more important at the city level, where public, private, and non-profit organizations interact to execute culture-led policies (Bonet and Négrier, 2018). In this case, the location of specific organizations may be critical in offering opportunities at the neighborhood level, paving the way to space-driven local level policies (e.g., the 15 min walking strategy; see e.g., Pisano, 2020)

Participatory event platforms in the urban context: the importance of stakeholders’ meaning of “participation”

Event organizers tend to seek collaboration with different actors, both as a way to reach legitimization and as a possibility to reach out for resources that would otherwise be unavailable or too costly to achieve. In this chapter, we examine how participation is interpreted and enacted in iterative urban events. We argue that the institutional logics informing stakeholders’ views and meaning of participation affect the governance of participatory cultural events and the evolution of the activities proposed by event organizers. Based on the longitudinal analysis of an iterative participative cultural initiative (IPCI) taking place in Milano since 2012, our work contributes to the understanding of how IPCIs are structured and evolve. The emphasis on the interplay between different institutional logics associated with the meaning of participation and the governance and activities related to the cultural initiatives sheds light on the specificity and the intrinsic fragility of IPCI where participation becomes overtime a resource—if successfully managed—or liability in itself. At the same time, though, it highlights the incredible potential of participative models in creating distributed value across very different stakeholders

Bringing back in the spatial dimension in the assessment of cultural and creative industries and its relationship with a city’s sustainability: the case of Milan

The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (CCCM) is a valuable tool to measure and com-pare European cities’ cultural and creative vitality. It addresses three dimensions: the presence of cultural venues and facilities (i.e., Cultural Vibrancy); the jobs and innovations connected to the so-called creative industries (i.e., the Creative Economy); and the enabling conditions for culture and creativity diffusion: human capital, diversity, trust and openness, international accessibility, and connectivity (i.e., an Enabling Environment). Comparing and ranking cities on these different dimensions offer policymakers the possibility of developing strategies related to their development (Montalto et al., 2019). However, as is recognized in the report presenting the CCCM, significant methodological limitations exist. They are related to both the tool and the potential behavioral implications it generates (JRC‐OECD Handbook, 2008) and to the difficulties with addressing a multi-faceted phenomenon with scant data, which offer limited opportunities to adequately measure cultural and creative cities (Van Puyenbroeck et al., 2021). In this paper, we integrate the CCCM framework to propose a spatially contextualized application at the city level as a tool to support policy-makers’ understanding of the potential role of cultural and creative organizations in city development (Soini and Dessein, 2016). We, therefore, build our arguments on a recent stream of research showing the importance of the spatial dimension to understand the relevance of cultural and creative industries within a context and inform decision‐makers (Boal‐San Miguel and Herrero‐Prieto, 2020). This spatial dimension is even more important at the city level, where public, private, and non‐profit organizations interact to execute culture‐led policies (Bonet and Négrier, 2018). In this case, the location of specific organizations may be critical in offering opportunities at the neighborhood level, paving the way to space‐driven local level policies (e.g., the 15 min walking strategy; see e.g., Pisano, 2020)

La modernizzazione del diritto d'autore e il ruolo degli intermediari internet quali propulsori delle attività creative in rete

È oramai acquisito che le tradizionali norme a tutela del diritto d'autore trovino applicazione in scenari tecnologici, sociali e di mercato indubbiamente distanti rispetto al contesto da cui presero spunto; una distanza che scaturisce non solo, e non semplicemente, da un fattore temporale, quanto, piuttosto, dalla pressione esercitata dall'avvento della tecnologia digitale e dai numerosi sviluppi che essa ha permesso. In seguito all'innesto di Internet il quale offre uno straordinario strumento di diffusione dei contenuti in formato digitale - anche le attestate dinamiche del mercato delle industrie culturali e creative sono mutate. Ecco, ad esempio, che il tipico modello del diritto d'autore risulta inadatto alla circolazione delle opere quando applicato ai moderni processi creativi, basati sulle tecnologie dell'informazione e comunicazione (ICT), in virtù delle quali gli utenti della rete si trasformano quotidianamente da consumatori ad autori di contenuti originali. Ebbene, a fronte dell'incombente esigenza di riforma delle norme giuridiche rilevanti - e come simbolo del mutamento in corso - è opportuno analizzare quei processi di modernizzazione del diritto d'autore recentemente portati a compimento in alcuni ordinamenti stranieri, in particolare quelli canadese e inglese, per poi confrontarli con gli sviluppi rinvenibili nel quadro italiano