Policy Outcomes in Indonesia Before and After Democratization

Different types of regimes face different political situations and have different incentives to pursue different policies. In this paper, I am examining whether there are any differences in economic and social policy outcomes under democracy and dictatorship in Indonesia. The study is divided into two periods. The first period covers the authoritarian rule of President Suharto(1966 to 1998) and the second period covers the new democratic government(1999 to 2010). I set out by analyzing the rules used in distinguishing democracy from dictatorship and discussing the process by which Suharto\u27s regime was categorized as a dictatorship and the Indonesian government after 1999 as democratic. Then I compare and contrast the economic and social policies pursued under each of the two regime types and the policy outcomes achieved. Some authors suggest that democracy is more conducive to economic and human development than authoritarian leadership whereas others suggest that there is no significant difference. Some even suggest the authoritarian regime to be better at developing a country. In the case of Indonesia, I found that there is no significant change in the trend both in economic and human development and in some cases, the development rate is slower under democracy. I discuss the findings in light of literatures on democracy and development. Indonesia\u27s democracy is still young and the democratic period covered by the study is relatively short compared to the authoritarian period. Better comparison of policy outcomes could be made in the future if further research can be done after Indonesia\u27s democracy becomes stronger

A GENERIC ARCHITECTURE FOR INSIDER MISUSE MONITORING IN IT SYSTEMS

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) have been widely deployed within many organisations' IT nenvorks to delect network penetration attacks by outsiders and privilege escalation attacks by insiders. However, traditional IDS are ineffective for detecting o f abuse o f legitimate privileges by authorised users within the organisation i.e. the detection of misfeasance. In essence insider IT abuse does not violate system level controls, yet violates acceptable usage policy, business controls, or code of conduct defined by the organisation. However, the acceptable usage policy can vary from one organisation to another, and the acceptability o f user activities can also change depending upon the user(s), application, machine, data, and other contextual conditions associated with the entities involved. The fact that the perpetrators are authorised users and that the insider misuse activities do not violate system level controls makes detection of insider abuse more complicated than detection o f attacks by outsiders. The overall aim o f the research is to determine novel methods by which monitoring and detection may be improved to enable successful detection of insider IT abuse. The discussion begins with a comprehensive investigation o f insider IT misuse, encompassing the breadth and scale of the problem. Consideration is then given to the sufficiency of existing safeguards, with the conclusion that they provide an inadequate basis for detecting many o f the problems. This finding is used as the justification for considering research into alternative approaches. The realisation of the research objective includes the development of a taxonomy for identification o f various levels within the system from which the relevant data associated with each type of misuse can be collected, and formulation of a checklist for identification of applications that requires misfeasor monitoring. Based upon this foundation a novel architecture for monitoring o f insider IT misuse, has been designed. The design offers new analysis procedures to be added, while providing methods to include relevant contextual parameters from dispersed systems for analysis and reference. The proposed system differs from existing IDS in the way that it focuses on detecting contextual misuse of authorised privileges and legitimate operations, rather than detecting exploitation o f network protocols and system level \ailnerabilities. The main concepts of the new architecture were validated through a proof-of-concept prototype system. A number o f case scenarios were used to demonstrate the validity of analysis procedures developed and how the contextual data from dispersed databases can be used for analysis of various types of insider activities. This helped prove that the existing detection technologies can be adopted for detection o f insider IT misuse, and that the research has thus provided valuable contribution to the domain

Drill stem and Deliverability test analysis: Case study of a gas field well test analysis in Myanmar

Drill-stem tests are performed to confirm or prove the presence and the producibility of oil and gas that is detected by the other services. It is usually performed on exploration wells are often the key to determining whether a well has found a commercial hydrocarbon reservoir. Reservoir parameters specifically related to productive capacity such as pressure, permeability can be determined through drill stem test. Common sequence of a drill stem test includes of a short flow period mostly five or ten minutes, which is followed by a buildup period of about an hour that is used to determine initial reservoir pressure. Afterwards, the well is allowed to flow for next four to twenty four hours to establish stable flow to the surface then the well is shut in again for final shut in or build up test which is used to determine permeability thickness and flow potential. Drill stem tests are usually combined with deliverability tests which is referred to the testing of a well to measure its production capabilities and flow performance relationships. Most common deliverability tests are flow after flow, single-point, isochronal and modified isochronal tests. Two main applications of deliverability tests are obtaining the absolute open flow (AOF) potential and generating reservoir inflow performance relationship (IPR) or gas backpressure curve. This paper discusses the case study of drill stem test and deliverability test done on a well in one of the gas fields located in Myanmar. Topics will cover the analyses of reservoir parameters through initial build up test, final build up test during the drill stem test and analysis of flow after flow test for Darcy and Non Darcy skin factors. In addition, it will further discusses the comparison of deliverability tests (empirical and analytical) and lastly perform production forecasting. The analyses are performed through Pansystem which is the well test analysis software developed by Weatherford Inc

The Effectiveness of public health expenditures on health outcomes in ASEAN countries

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Policy,2017masterpublishedThandar Aung PHYO PHYO

Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing Activities of Mung Bean (Green gram) Farmers in Selected Areas in Yangon Region, Myanmar

Pulses in Myanmar are not only high value for daily diet but also significant crop for commercialization in farming. Mung bean is one of the main commercial crops in the selected survey areas in Yangon region. Therefore, this study was conducted to know the profitability and market performance of mung bean producers in the study area. The sampled farmers were categorized into three groups based on their mung bean cultivated area. The BCR results showed 1.92, 2.12 and 1.95 for small, medium, and high sown acre groups indicating the highest BCR obtained by the medium size (group II) farmers. All the sampled farmers were found in profitable conditions of mung bean production. In the cost share analysis, the results showed the highest share of production cost was material cost and followed by hired labor cost share all the groups. As one of the exports produces of mung bean faced price instability among farmers pointed that there should have steady export markets and encouraging the value-added products of mung bean. To produce the quality mung bean, the government should increase the extension facilities and improved techniques for mung bean production. Finally, the results of marketing activities indicated the requirement of systematic and advance marketing system for mung bean production is essential in Myanmar. Keywords: Mung bean, farmers, production, marketing, profitability DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-22-01 Publication date: November 30th 202

The Artemisinin Resistance in Southeast Asia: An Imminent Global Threat to Malaria Elimination

Malaria remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in many low- and middle-income countries. Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) have contributed to the substantial decline in the worldwide malaria burden, renewing the optimism that malaria elimination is achievable in some regions of the world. However, this prospect is threatened by the emergence of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum leading to clinical failure of ACTs in Southeast Asia. Historically, drug resistance in P. falciparum has emerged in SEA and spread to Africa. Today, resistance to ACTs could reverse all the achievements of control and elimination efforts globally. With no new drug available, P. falciparum malaria must be eliminated from the Greater Mekong before it becomes untreatable

Most Popular Water Resource In Than Gaing Village, Pwintphyu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar

Understanding community resource consumption is the key to development of communities. This study aim to understand which water resources are frequently relied upon and used by households in Than Gaing Village, Pwintphyu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar. This study is intended to identify most popular use of water-resources in Than Gaing. The descriptive study deign conducted by surveying 147 households in the community. The collected data was calculated with basic statistic and identify the natures of households through their demography, occupation, family size. The study showed that three types of water resources available in Than Gaing Village, water-wells, river and canal. The most water resource consumed in the community is water-wells as the survey result indicate that 115 households (78.2% of the households) only use water-wells, 4 households (2.7%, of households) use water-wells and river, 22 households (14.9% of total households) use canal and water-wells, 6 households (4.1%) of total households use all the water resources in community; river,canal and water-wells. There are total of 42 water-wells scattered across the community

Item analysis of multiple-choice questions in summative assessment for professional examination I of an outcome-based integrated MBBS curriculum

Background: This study presents an item analysis of multiple-choice questions (MCQ-Type A) used in the summative assessment for Professional Examination I at Defence Services Medical Academy, Yangon, Myanmar. The objectives of the study were to perform item analysis using Difficulty Index (DIF I) and Discrimination Index (DI) and to correlate between DIF I and DI. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 200 multiple-choice questions from two written examination papers answered by 46 medical year 2 students of Defence Services Medical Academy, Yangon, Myanmar. Item analysis of multiple-choice questions were done by using DIF I and DI calculated post-exam. Results: Results showed that the majority of items were categorized as easy based on DIF I, with 63% and 60% in Papers I and II, respectively. Only about one-third of items were deemed acceptable, and few fell into the difficult category. DI ranged from negative to excellent, with 62% and 61% of MCQs in Papers I and II showing acceptable to excellent discrimination. Items with poor discrimination (35% and 34% in Papers I and II) should be revised or discarded. Moreover, items with negative DI should be re-evaluated for potential key errors or vague wording. A low negative correlation between DIF I and DI was observed, indicating that as DIF I increased, discrimination power decreased. Notably, items with easy DIF I demonstrated a moderate negative correlation with DI, consistent with previous research. Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of item analysis to enhance the validity of assessment tools and ensure the effective evaluation of student cognition levels. Consequently, reconstruction and modification of MCQs are recommended to improve assessment quality and accurately measure student abilities

Regulation Of The Tubulin Code In Cardiac Hypertrophy And Failure

A proliferated and post-translationally modified microtubule network underlies cellular growth in cardiac hypertrophy and contributes to contractile dysfunction in heart failure. Yet how the heart achieves this modified network is poorly understood. Determining how the “tubulin code” – the permutations of tubulin isoforms and post-translational modifications – is rewritten upon cardiac stress may provide new targets to modulate cardiac remodeling. Further, while tubulin can autoregulate its own expression, it is unknown if autoregulation is operant in the heart or tuned in response to stress. Here I use heart failure patient samples and murine models of cardiac remodeling to interrogate transcriptional, autoregulatory, and post-translational mechanisms that contribute to microtubule network remodeling at different stages of heart disease. I find that autoregulation is operant across tubulin isoforms in the heart and leads to an apparent disconnect in tubulin mRNA and protein levels in heart failure. I also find that within 4 hours of a hypertrophic stimulus and prior to cardiac growth, microtubule detyrosination is rapidly induced to help stabilize the network. This occurs concomitant with rapid transcriptional and autoregulatory activation of specific tubulin isoforms and microtubule motors. Upon continued hypertrophic stimulation, there is an increase in post-translationally modified microtubule tracks and anterograde motors to support cardiac growth, while total tubulin content increases through progressive transcriptional and autoregulatory induction of tubulin isoforms. My work provides a new model for how the tubulin code is rapidly rewritten to establish a proliferated, stable microtubule network that drives cardiac remodeling, and provides the first evidence of tunable tubulin autoregulation during pathological progression