Laurynas Ivinskis' neologisms of mineralogy

Straipsnyje aptariami Lauryno Ivinskio (1810-1881) rankraščio „Prigimtūmenė“ pirmos dalies „Žemėtra“ mineralų pavadinimai. L. Ivinskis pateikė per 400 geografijos ir mineralogijos terminų, prie kiekvieno lietuviško termino duodamas lotyniškus, daug kur lenkiškus ir vokiškus atitikmenis. L. Ivinskis vedinius mineralams pavadinti darė ne tik su dariais lietuvių kalbos darybos formantais, pvz., priesagomis -enis, -enė, -ainis, -ūnas, priešdėliu pa-, bet ir su menkai dariais, pvz., priesagomis -ėtras, -einis, -eitis, -ėtis, priešdėliais pro-, san-. Sudarydamas sudurtinius mineralų pavadinimus, jis dažniausiai vartojo bendrinei kalbai nebūdingus, iš savo tarmės paimtus antruosius sandus, pvz., -kuolas, -gelžis, -skiltis, -kalkis. Dalį naujadarų L. Ivinskis kūrė savarankiškai, tačiau nemažai jų sudarė ir sekdamas kitų kalbų atitikmenimis. L. Ivinskio sukurti mineralų pavadinimai neprigijo ir dabartinėje terminijoje nevartojami pirmiausia, matyt, dėl to, kad „Prigimtūmenė“ nebuvo išspausdinta. Priešingu atveju kai kurie terminai būtų galėję ir prigyti, pvz.: dervenis, sviestenis, baltmenis, pilkmenis, ledeinis, molėtis, ragunas, baltuonis, plytmolis, kaip prigijo ragainis. Tačiau abejotina, ar būtų įėję į vartoseną kai kurie jo neįprasti ar netiksliai motyvuoti naujadarai, pvz.: jakšenis, taukenis, tirptenis, vyšnenė, gelžmina, prorievis, gaurakuolas, piengelžis, rašmuoskiltis, veltmolis. Dabartinėje terminijoje mineralai, kuriems pavadinti L. Ivinskis teikė naujadarus, dažniausiai įvardijami skolintais terminais, todėl vertėtų prisiminti lietuviškus L. Ivinskio pavadinimus. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Dūriniai; Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881); Mineralogijos terminai; Minerologijos terminai; Motyvacija; Naujadarai; Neologizmai; Skolinta leksika; Terminologijos istorija; Vediniai; Žodžio daryba; Compounds; Derivates; History of terminology; Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881); Lexical borrowings; Lithuanian; Motivation; Neologisms; Terms of mineralogy; Terms of minerology; Word formationLaurynas Ivinskis (1810-1881) in the first part of his manuscript "Prigimtūmenė" presented over 400 terms of geography and mineralogy. His neologisms of mineralogy make about 1/5 of all terms presented in this part. A bit more than a half of neologisms of Ivinskis are derivates, others are compounds. The largest part of the group of derivates are derivates made with suffixes which name mine­rals. Ivinskis used to create derivates not only with popular Lithuanian language formants, for example, the suffixes -enis, -enė, -ainis, -ūnas and the prefix pa-, but also with less popular formants such as the suffixes -ėtras, -einis, -eitis, -ėtis and the prefixes pro-, san-. Ivinskis compounds correspond with the most productive types of the compounding in the modern Lithuanian, though many underlying words of components of compounds are unusual and not characteristic to standard Lithuanian, for example, kūlis, kalkis, gelžis and skiltis. Names of minerals created by Ivinskis practically have not taken root and they are not used in modern terminology probably not only because "Prigimtūmenė" has not been printed, but also because some of his neologisms were unusual and their motivation is not accurate

Angelė Kaulakienė. Lietuvių fizikos terminijos raida : recenzija

Recenzijoje aptariama Angelės Kaulakienės monografija „Lietuvių fizikos terminijos raida“. Pirmoji teorinė knygos dalis suskirstyta į tris skyrius pagal fizikos terminijos raidos tarpsnius. Pirmajame skyriuje analizuojama laikraščių „Keleivis“ ir „Aušra“ fizikos populiarinamųjų straipsnių ir P. Vileišio vadovėlio „Populiariszkas rankvedis fyzikos“ (1899) terminija. Antrąjį fizikos terminijos raidos tarpsnį autorė pradeda nagrinėti nuo I. Končiaus Fizikos vadovėlio terminijos aptarimo, analizuojamas jo sudarytas terminų sąrašas „Terminai fizikos reikalams“. Antrojo fizikos terminijos raidos tarpsnio šaltinis – K. Šakenio „Fizika“ (1920) – gimnazijos vadovėlis, taip pat V. Čepinskio eksperimentinės fizikos vadovėlis „Fizikos paskaitos. Pristatydama trečiąjį fizikos terminijos raidos tarpsnį autorė analizuoja P. Brazdžiūno „Bendrosios fizikos vadovėlio“ (I-IV d., 1960-1965) terminų darybą, kilmę, sinoniminę ir variantinę raišką bei K. Šakenio, V. Čepinskio ir P. Brazdžiūno vadovėlių magnetizmo ir elektros terminiją vartosenos požiūriu. Pirmos dalies pabaigoje apibendrinama sinoniminė ir variantinė visų trijų fizikos raidos tarpsnių terminų raiška, nurodomi terminų pateikimo būdai, įvertinama lietuviškų ir skolintų fizikos terminų santykis, apžvelgiami veiksniai, lemiantys fizikos terminijos sinonimiją ir variantiškumą, analizuojami lietuviškų ir skolintų terminų sinonimijos terminijai sukeliami nepageidautini reiškiniai. Antroje knygos dalyje pateikiamas fizikos terminų raidos žodynas, kuriame terminai duodami abėcėliniu lizdiniu būdu, chronologine terminų vartosenos tvarka. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Fizika; Leksikografija; Raida; Terminai; Terminas; Terminija; Terminologija; Žodynas; Development; Lexicography; Physics; Term; Terminology; Terms; VocabularyThe review discusses the monograph “Lietuvių fizikos terminijos raida” [The Development of Lithuanian Physical Terminology] by Angelė Kaulakienė. The first theoretical part of the book contains three chapters according to the stages of development of physical terminology. The first chapter analyses the terminology of popular physical articles from the newspapers “Keleivis” [Passenger] and “Aušra” [Dawn] and P. Vileišis’ textbook “Populiariszkas rankvedis fyzikos” (1899) . The discussion of the second stage of development starts with the terminology from I. Končius’ textbook on physics and further moves to the analysis of his compiled list of terms “Terms for Physical Matters”. The second stage of development of physical terminology comprises a high school textbook “Physics” by K. Šakenis (1920) and a textbook on experimental physics “Lectures on Physics” by V. Čepinskis. When presenting the third stage, the author analyses the formation of terms, their origin, synonymic and variant expression from P. Brazdžiūnas’ “Textbook of General Physics” (Parts I–IV, 1960–1965) and the terms of magnetism and electricity with regard to their usage from the textbooks of Šakenis, Čepinskis and Brazdžiūnas. The first part ends with the generalisation of synonymic and variant expression of terms from all three stages of development, indicates the mode of presenting terms, evaluates the ratio of Lithuanian and borrowed physical terms, overviews the factors that determine synonyms and variants of physical terms, analyses the undesirable phenomena caused to the terminology by Lithuanian and borrowed term synonyms. The second part of the book presents a dictionary of physical term development, where terms are provided in alphabetical families, in the chronological order of term usage

Eurotermbank – Term Bank of the New Eu Members

A European Commission project EuroTermBank - Collection of Pan-European Terminology Resources through Cooperation of Terminology Institutions - has been working already for two years starting from January 2005. Project coordinator was Tilde (Latvia), the project partners were: Institute for Information Management at Cologne University of Applied Sciences (Germany), Center for Language Technology at University of Copenhagen (Denmark), Institute of the Lithuanian Language (Lithuania), Terminology Commission of Latvian Academy of Science (Latvia), MorphoLogic (Hungary), University of Tartu (Estonia), Information Processing Center (Poland). EuroTermBank project has been focused on harmonization and consolidation of terminology work in new EU member states, transferring experience from other European Union terminology networks and accumulating competencies and efforts of the new EU countries. The result of the project is a centralized online term bank for languages of new EU member countries interlinked to other terminology banks and resources. The term bank is accessible via internet and it contains over 600 000 terminological entries, in which there are more than 1, 5 million terms in 25 languages. It has a link with four external data bases: TermNet.lv, OLSTEN, MoBiDic and Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. In EuroTermBank there are over 78 000 Lithuanian terms and their equivalents in other languages from 11 sources. Terms in this term bank are arranged according to subject fields from Eurovoc – an official multilingual thesaurus of the European Union. The address of EuroTermBank web page is www.eurotermbank.com

Few of Laurynas Ivinskis' names of plants

The paper deals with a few plants, which in various writings are named using Latin borrowings. Laurynas Ivinskis, an educator of the 19th century, in his manuscript Prigimtūmenė had named the mentioned plants using Lithuanian neologisms. This article also discusses the names given by Ivinskis. Some of names used by Ivinskis have uncertain formation and motivation (domėtis, nertys, saistris, segluvys, stapas, sūblas, šievis), other names have clear formation, but motivation is inexact/inaccurate (antkūlis, kvepenė, kumpotris, pakeltis, plunksnerys, ponarvis, proplaukis, razgytras, žalsvėsis, žyblonis), and the third group of names have both formation and motivation clear (gražulas, lašūklis, lendrelė, saulėtra, skarūnis, skiauterūnas, širdoklė). The names of the latter group could replace the Latin borrowings used at the presen

Overview of the activities of the Terminology commission (1945-1971)

After the Second World War the Terminology Commission started its activities in Lithuania. It was established at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences in order to organize and co-ordinate terminology work and was transferred to the Institute of the Lithuanian Language in 1951. The article deals with the activities of this Terminology Commission as well as the methods and principles of its work between 1951 and the end of 1971 when it was reorganized into Terminology Council at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences. The work of the Terminology Commission was organized in the same way as of the first one – dictionaries or lists of terms prepared by the specialists of a particular field were discussed by Lithuanian linguists and specialists together. Reviewed terms had to meet linguistic requirements with the particular attention given to the regularity as well as logic requirements seeking precision and systematicality. The principle of constancy was observed and terms which were in usage were not being changed without a serious reason.In twenty years of its activities Terminology Commission performed important work in the ordering of terminology, its encouragement and development. It discussed terminological dictionaries of botany, chemistry, criminal law, economics, geography, literature, land-reclamation, law, medicine, engineering and other fields which were being compiled, provided terminology related consultations for various institutions, organized conferences and discussions with specialists in regard to Lithuanian terminology creation, development and dissemination. A big contribution to the success of the activities of Terminology Commission was made by its chairman dr. Jonas Kruopas and its secretary from the end of 1959 as well as editor Kazimieras Gaivenis. Practical activities of term creation and ordering and scientific theoretical work of Gaivenis contributed to the development of terminology into a separate branch of linguistics in Lithuania

Revival of certain plant names created by Laurynas Ivinskis

Since 2002 the Terminology Sub-commission of the State Commission of the Lithuanian language has together with botanists been discussing and agreeing on Lithuanian names to give to plants which have previously not been named in Lithuanian. The majority of such plants are newly introduced to Lithuania. It was noted that some of them were already named by Laurynas Ivinskis in one of his most important scientific works Prigimtūmenė (Nature); therefore the decision was taken where possible not to create new names, but to adopt names proposed by Laurynas Ivinskis. This article analyses 58 names of genera of plants, taken from Prigimtūmenė by Laurynas Ivinskis. Less than half of the names of genera of plants created by Laurynas Ivinskis are neologisms with clear motivation, for instance alksnötis (Clethra), grėsvis (Kalmia), mėlunis (Dianella), smuikainis (Citharexylum), sulpėtras (Calyptrocalyx), širmonis (Aletris), uogminys (Uvularia), viršuklis (Terminalia), vytmenys (Abelia), žibėtras (Aeschynomene) and more than one third of neologisms have unclear word formation and motivation, for instance duršvas (Cotyledon), eikras (Tibouchina), elkras (Umbilicus), jostras (Plumeria), kolunis (Petrea), labūstras (Cabomba), liesmuo (Onosma), nuolaisis (Aphyllanth.es), salksnas (Cornutia), sanūtras (Guarea), spingras (Sesuvium), spūglas (Pernettya), sūblas (Exacum), sumbras (Elaeodendron), ūgras (Comptonia), vaiklas (Glaucium).It is possible to trace the word formation pattern of one sixth of the names created by Laurynas Ivinskis, though their motivation is unclear, for instance dirktas (Amsonia), gairuvas (Cantua), imšas (Conospermum), mėklainis (Mimusops), plienumas (Narthecium), raivė (Pachira), ringotis (Canella), skaburas (Hippocrepis), skerstenis (Cheilanthes). Little by little, neologisms in Prigimtūmenė (Nature) are being revived and put into use; thereby the effort of Laurynas Ivinskis to create Lithuanian names of plants was not made in vain

New names of genera of decorative plants

Since 2002 the Terminology sub-commission of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (further – SCLL) together with botanists have been discussing changes in Lithuanian names of plants which appear due to changes in Latin taxonomy and giving Lithuanian names to plants which were brought to Lithuania in recent years and which previously did not have Lithuanian names. At the end of 2014 SCLL announced the recommendation “Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų” (In regard to Lithuanian names of decorative plants) comprising standardized Lithuanian names of genera and species of decorative plants. This paper deals with 417 new names of plant genera, presented in the above mentioned recommendation of SCLL. New names are synchronically researched from the point of view of terminology and word-formation; ways of creation and derivation of Lithuanian neologisms are established; and ways of derivation of the current names of plant genera and names of genera taken from “Lietuvos flora” (Lithuanian flora) are compared. The sources for the new names of genera of decorative plants included in the SCLL recommendation “Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų” are creation of Lithuanian neologisms, names created by Laurynas Ivinskis and other authors, terminologized names from dialects and borrowing of names from Latin. [...]The comparison of Lithuanian neologisms with the names of plant genera from Lietuvos flora shows that names in both groups were created using the same ways of word-formation: the most productive way is suffixation, the largest number of derivatives have suffixes -enis, -enė; the least productive way is prefixation; the second most productive way of word-formation for the new names of plant genera from the SCLL recommendation is the derivation using inflexional endings and in Lietuvos flora it is compounding. The majority of compounds from Lietuvos flora are old folk names and the number of Lithuanian neologisms is small. The research of other groups of new names shows that the number of borrowed Latin names for decorative plants is similar to the number of borrowings in Lietuvos flora, but the number of terminologized words from dialects is a lot smaller. The characteristic feature of the new names of genera of decorative plants is a large number of names adopted from Ivinskis’writings

INFOTERM – Information Disseminating Centre for Terminology

International Information Centre for Terminology (INFOTERM) was founded in 1971 by contract with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Austrian Standards Institute (ASI). In 1996, INFOTERM was reorganized and established as an independent non-profit organization. INFOTERM promotes and supports the cooperation of existing and the establishment of new terminology centres and networks with the general aim to improve domain communication, knowledge transfer and provision of content with view to facilitating the participation of all in the global multilingual knowledge society. The article presents not only a history of the foundation of INFOTERM, the tasks and activities of INFOTERM and its members, which are international, regional or national terminology institutions, organizations and networks, as well as specialized public or semi-public or other non-profit institutions engaged in terminological activities, but also analyses “Guidelines for terminology policies”, preparied by INFOTERM, and cooperation between INFOTERM and the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.In conclusion, the experience and sharing expertise of INFOTERM regarding harmonized methods and guidelines for terminology management and policies, the management of terminology centres, terminology standardization, the use of terminological data, methods and tools in all applications etc are very important for all countries and language communities especially for countries and language communities with less mature terminologies. The Institute of the Lithuanian Language as a member of INFOTERM has a possibility to get information on terminology research and training, terminology publications, terminological events and activities all over the world