Effect of loss of exposure on cytokine responses in immigrants compared to naïve individuals, all with a malaria episode.

<p>Serum cytokine and chemokine concentrations in immigrants and travelers at different time-points during and after a malaria episode: during an acute malaria episode (day 0, black boxes) and at convalescence (day 7 dark grey, day 28 light grey). Data are presented as boxplots that illustrate the medians and the 25^th and 75^th quartile and the whiskers represent the 10% and 90% percentiles. Outliers are marked with circles. A Mann Whitney U test was performed for each comparison, and significant <i>P</i> values (<i>P</i><0.05) are shown.</p

Effect of loss of exposure on cytokine responses in immigrants compared to semi-immune individuals, all with a malaria acute episode.

<p>Cytokines and chemokines were measured in serum from immigrants and plasma from semi-immune adults by a multiplex suspension array kit and flow cytometry. The boxplots illustrate the medians and the 25^th and 75^th quartile and the whiskers represent the 10% and 90% percentiles. Outliers are marked with circles. A Mann Whitney U test was performed for each comparison, and significant <i>P</i> values (<i>P</i><0.05) are shown.</p

Serum cytokine and chemokine profiles in patients with malaria or with other diseases.

<p>Cytokines and chemokines were measured in serum of immigrants and travelers with malaria (dark grey boxes) and in serum of immigrants and travelers with other diseases (light grey boxes). Data are presented as boxplots that illustrate the medians and the 25^th and 75^th quartile. Whiskers represent the 10% and 90% percentiles and outliers are marked with circles. A Mann Whitney U test was performed to compare groups with malaria with groups with other diseases, and significant <i>P</i> values (<i>P</i><0.05) are shown.</p

Effect of time of immigration on IL-2 and IFN-γ serum concentrations.

<p>Cytokine concentrations in serum from immigrants were measured by multiplex suspension array kit and flow cytometry and correlated with time of immigration. Only significant correlations are shown. Correlations were performed using Spearman’s test, n=52.</p

Cartoon showing the influence of the Subtract method into the standard samples.

<p>Background noise calculated as the geometric mean of the blank controls is shown as a horizontal dashed line. (A) Standard curve plotting the MFI in the <u><b>original scale</b></u> as a function of concentration; (B) Standard curve plotting the MFI in the <u><b>original scale</b></u> as a function of concentration <u><b>after subtracting</b></u> the MFI of the blank control from all standard samples; (C) Standard curve plotting the MFI in the <u><b>log10 scale</b></u> as a function of concentration; and (D) Standard curve plotting the MFI in the <u><b>log10 scale</b></u> as a function of concentration <u><b>after subtracting</b></u> the MFI of the blank control from all standard samples.</p

MOESM2 of High production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by maternal blood mononuclear cells is associated with reduced maternal malaria but increased cord blood infection

Additional file 2. Correlations among cytokines and chemokines secreted by cord blood mononuclear cells in culture supernatants

Standardized residuals as a function of the predicted base 10 logarithm median fluorescence intensity (MFI) for the four emulated datasets based on standard curves fitted using the four different approaches to treat background noise.

<p>Points outside of the range specified by the dashed lines are in red and labeled according to the well location in the 96-well plate. (A) Standard curve fitted using “Ignore” background noise method; (B) standard curve fitted including the background noise as an extra point when fitting the curve, using “Include” background method; (C) standard curve fitted subtracting the background noise using the “Subtract” method; (D) standard curve fitted constraining the lower asymptote to the background noise using the “Constraint” method.</p

MOESM3 of High production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by maternal blood mononuclear cells is associated with reduced maternal malaria but increased cord blood infection

Additional file 3. Correlations among mRNA cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Estimation of the limits of quantification (LOQ), based on the “Derivative” (A), the “Interval” (B), and the “Coefficient of Variation” methods (C).

<p>In A solid and dashed black lines show the standard curve and the second order derivative, respectively. Dashed blue lines show the limits of quantification. In B, solid and dashed red lines show the asymptote coefficients and the 95% confidence interval, respectively. Dashed blue lines show the LOQ, and dashed black lines show the 95% prediction interval of the standard curve. In C, solid red and black lines show the coefficient of variation (CV) estimated for each fitted concentration and the standard curve, respectively. Dashed blue lines show the LOQ, and the dashed black line shows the user specified CV cutoff.</p

MOESM1 of IgM and IgG against Plasmodium falciparum lysate as surrogates of malaria exposure and protection during pregnancy

Additional file 1: Table S1. Association of antibody responses with maternal infection, use of insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying. Table S2. Association between antibody levels and weight of newborn, maternal hemoglobin and incidence of malaria in children. Table S3. Association of antibody levels with maternal infection, pregnancy outcomes and incidence of malaria in children