Interconnexion du métabolisme cellulaire et de la voie de glucuronidation

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2018-2019La voie métabolique de glucuronidation, impliquant les enzymes uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransférases (UGT), joue un rôle crucial dans le métabolisme des médicaments et contrôle l’exposition à divers composés exogènes via leur inactivation par la conjugaison à l’acide glucuronique. Cette voie métabolique a également comme rôle principal de maintenir l’homéostasie cellulaire et le contrôle de la biodisponibilité de nombreuses molécules endogènes. Nombre de ces composés sont impliqués dans des boucles de rétroaction régulant l’expression et l’activité de diverses voies métaboliques cellulaires, notamment via l’implication de récepteurs nucléaires et autres voies de signalisation. Une modification de l’expression et de l’activité de la voie de glucuronidation a donc le potentiel d’influencer le métabolisme cellulaire, au-delà du contrôle des substrats des enzymes UGT. Cette hypothèse est appuyée par des observations préliminaires démontrant la capacité des UGT à interagir avec des protéines d’autres voies métaboliques, affectant ainsi leur activité. De plus, les études récentes du laboratoire font état d’un transcriptome étendu de la grande famille de gènes UGT, permettant la production de protéines alternatives comprenant de nouveaux domaines peptidiques et dont les fonctions et les réseaux d’interaction demeurent inconnus. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nos premières investigations ont porté sur les changements métaboliques associés à une modification de l’expression cellulaire d’enzymes UGT, ainsi que de leurs protéines alternatives nouvellement identifiées. Une approche métabolomique non-ciblée a révélé des répercussions importantes au niveau métabolique, parfois communes, parfois divergentes, selon l’enzyme et l’isoforme alternative étudiée. À titre d’exemple, les niveaux cellulaires de lipides bioactifs comme l’acide arachidonique sont grandement affectés dans les lysats de cellules exprimant des enzymes UGT, alors qu’ils ne le sont pas dans les lysats de cellules exprimant des protéines alternatives. Dans une seconde série d’investigations, nous avons établi les réseaux d’interactions protéiques des UGT dans le tissu rénal et hépatique humain. À l’aide d’anticorps développés au laboratoire et dirigés contre les enzymes ou les protéines alternatives UGT, nous avons réalisé une purification d’affinité sur bille couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Ceci a permis d’établir de façon non-biaisée les interactomes endogènes des enzymes UGT et de leurs protéines alternatives dans un environnement protéique physiologique, révélant l’existence de partenaires communs et de partenaires spécifiques. En plus d’identifier des protéines associées au métabolisme des médicaments, nos travaux ont révélé plusieurs partenaires protéiques impliqués dans d’autres voies métaboliques, telles que les voies énergétiques (glycolyse, cycle des acides tricarboxyliques, oxydation des lipides, etc.). À l’aide de modèles cellulaires, nous avons démontré que certaines de ces interactions sont fonctionnelles et entrainent une modification significative de l’activité du partenaire des UGT, induisant des perturbations métaboliques et phénotypiques associées à la progression tumorale. Enfin, nos données ont révélé une induction différentielle de l’expression d’une enzyme UGT et de ses variants alternatifs suite à un traitement pharmacologique, influençant possiblement l’activité cellulaire en réponse à ces stimuli. Nos travaux soutiennent une interconnexion entre le métabolisme de glucuronidation et le métabolisme cellulaire. Ils appuient également un rôle plus vaste et complexe des protéines UGT, impliquant notamment la production d’isoformes alternatives aux structures protéiques distinctes et possédant des fonctions régulatrices possiblement différentes de celles des enzymes. Ces travaux démontrent également des interactions protéiques avec diverses voies métaboliques, permettant sans doute de moduler la réponse cellulaire à divers stimuli tout en optimisant les ressources métaboliques de la cellule.The glucuronidation pathway, catalyzed by uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), is crucial for drug metabolism and controls the body’s exposure to several exogenous compounds by the conjugation of a glucuronic acid moiety leading to their inactivation. A main role for this pathway is also to controls cellular levels of several endogenous compounds in order to maintain homeostasis. Many of those compounds are involved in feedback loops and control the expression and activity of numerous metabolic pathways through the regulation of nuclear receptors and other signaling events. Altered expression or activity of the glucuronidation pathway thus has the potential to influence cellular metabolism, beyond UGT substrate regulation. This hypothesis is supported by preliminary observations showing that UGTs possess the capacity to interact with enzymes from other metabolic pathways, affecting their activity. Furthermore, recent studies from our laboratory exposed an extended transcriptome for UGT genes, producing new alternative proteins comprising new domains and for which the functions and interaction networks remain unknown. In the context of this work, our first investigations explored the metabolic alterations induced by a modification in the cellular levels of UGT enzymes, as well as selected novel alternative proteins. A non-targeted metabolomics approach uncovered significant metabolic alterations, sometimes common or divergent, depending on the enzyme and the alternative isoform. As an example, bioactive lipids such as arachidonic acid were among the most modulated metabolites in lysates of cells expressing UGT enzymes but remained unchanged in cells expressing alternate proteins. In a second set of investigations, we established the interaction networks of UGT proteins in human liver and kidney tissues. We used in-house antibodies directed against UGT enzymes or their alternative proteins to conduct affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry. These assays exposed an unbiased endogenous interactome in a physiologically relevant protein environment, revealing common and specific partners to UGT enzymes and alternative isoforms. In addition to proteins involved in drug metabolism, our work uncovered numerous partners implicated in other metabolic routes such as energetic pathways (glycolysis, tricarboxylic acids cycle, lipid oxidation, etc.). Using cellular models, we showed some of these interactions had a functional impact on cellular activity of the protein partners, triggering metabolic alterations associated with tumor progression. Lastly, our data further support a differential expression of UGT enzymes and their alternative isoforms following treatment with pharmacological compounds that could lead to variable metabolic activity in response to stimuli. Our results demonstrate functional crosstalk between UGT proteins and cell metabolism. This works also supports an extended and rather complex role for UGTs, notably through the production of numerous alternative isoforms presenting different peptide structures and likely diverse regulatory functions. Our findings indicate that one of the underlying mechanisms is related to protein-protein interactions between UGTs and proteins of other metabolic routes, likely permitting a fine regulation of cell response to stimuli while optimizing metabolic resources

Posttranscriptional regulation of UGT2B10 hepatic expression and activity by alternative splicing

The detoxification enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B10 is specialized in the N-linked glucuronidation of many drugs and xenobiotics. Preferred substrates possess tertiary aliphatic amines and heterocyclic amines such as tobacco carcinogens and several anti-depressants and anti-psychotics. We hypothesized that alternative splicing (AS) constitutes a mean to regulate steady state levels of UGT2B10 and enzyme activity. We established the transcriptome of UGT2B10 in normal and tumoral tissues of multiple individuals. Highest expression was in the liver, where ten AS transcripts represented 50% of the UGT2B10 transcriptome in 50 normal livers and 44 hepatocellular carcinomas. One abundant class of transcripts involves a novel exonic sequence and leads to two alternative (alt.) variants with novel in-frame C-termini of 10 or 65 amino acids. Their hepatic expression was highly variable among individuals, correlated with canonical transcript levels, and was 3.5 fold higher in tumors. Evidence for their translation in liver tissues was acquired by mass spectrometry. In cell models, they co-localized with the enzyme and influenced the conjugation of amitriptyline and levomedetomidine by repressing or activating the enzyme (40-70%; P<0.01), in a cell context-specific manner. A high turnover rate for the alt. proteins, regulated by the proteasome, was observed in contrast to the more stable UGT2B10 enzyme. Moreover, a drug-induced remodelling of UGT2B10 splicing was demonstrated in the HepaRG hepatic cell model, which favored alt. variants expression over the canonical transcript. Our findings support a significant contribution of AS in the regulation of UGT2B10 expression in the liver with an impact on enzyme activity

Crosstalk between alternatively spliced UGT1A isoforms and colon cancer cell metabolism

Alternative splicing at the human glucuronosyltransferase 1 gene locus (UGT1) produces alternate isoforms UGT1A_i2s that control glucuronidation activity through protein-protein interactions. Here, we hypothesized that UGT1A_i2s function into a complex protein network connecting other metabolic pathways with influence on cancer cell metabolism. This is based on a pathway enrichment analysis of proteomic data that identified several high-confidence candidate interaction proteins of UGT1A_i2 proteins in human tissues, namely the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis pyruvate kinase (PKM), which plays a critical role in cancer cell metabolism and tumor growth. The partnership of UGT1A_i2 and PKM2 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation in the HT115 colon cancer cells and was supported by a partial co-localization of these two proteins. In support of a functional role for this partnership, depletion of UGT1A_i2 proteins in HT115 cells enforced the Warburg effect with higher glycolytic rate at the expense of mitochondrial respiration, and led to lactate accumulation. Untargeted metabolomics further revealed a significantly altered cellular content of 58 metabolites including many intermediates derived from the glycolysis and TCA cycle pathways. These metabolic changes were associated with a greater migration potential. The potential relevance of our observations is supported by the down-regulation of UGT1A_i2s mRNA in colon tumors compared to normal tissues. Alternate UGT1A variants may thus be part of the expanding compendium of metabolic pathways involved in cancer biology directly contributing to the oncogenic phenotype of colon cancer cells. Findings uncover new aspects of UGT functions diverging from their transferase activity

Perturbation du transport plasmatique des hormones thyroïdiennes par les contaminants environnementaux chez les femmes Inuit en âge de procréer du Nunavik

La population inuite du Nunavik est exposée aux polluants organiques persistants (POP) par son alimentation traditionnelle. Certains POP (métabolites des BPC, pentachlorophénol et perfluorooctane sulfonate) peuvent interférer avec la liaison de la thyroxine (T4) à la transthyrétine (TTR), une protéine de transport des hormones thyroïdiennes. Pour vérifier s’il y avait perturbation du transport, la T4 liée à la TTR a été mesurée dans le plasma de 120 femmes inuites âgées entre 18 et 39 ans, recrutées lors de l’Étude sur la santé des Inuit 2004 – Qanuippitaa? How are we?. Les niveaux de TTR, TBG (thyroxin-binding globulin) et T4 total sont associés (p &lt; 0,002) aux concentrations de T4 liée à la TTR, alors que les POP ne le sont pas (R-carré ajusté du modèle = 0,27, p &lt; 0,0001). Ces résultats suggèrent des concentrations circulantes de POP trop faibles pour compromettre le transport de la T4 par la TTR.The Inuit population of Nunavik is exposed to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through its traditional diet. Some POPs (i.e. hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls, pentachlorophenol and perfluorooctane sulfonate) compete with thyroxin (T4) for binding sites on transthyretin (TTR), a transport protein of thyroid hormones. We tested the hypothesis that POPs decrease circulating concentrations of T4 bound to TTR (T4-TTR) in Inuit women of reproductive age, who were previously enrolled in the 2004 Inuit health study Qanuippitaa? How are we?. We measured the concentration of T4-TTR in plasma samples obtained from 120 Inuit women (18-39 years old). Linear regression analyses revealed that TTR, TBG and total T4 concentrations were significant predictors (p &lt; 0.002) of T4-TTR levels but not POPs levels (model adjusted R-square = 0.27, p &lt; 0.0001). Our results suggest that circulating levels of POPs in these women are not high enough to affect TTR-mediated thyroid hormone transport

The Glycosyltransferase Pathway: An Integrated Analysis of the Cell Metabolome

Nucleotide sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are critical to the homeostasis of endogenous metabolites and the detoxification of xenobiotics. Their impact on the cell metabolome remains unknown. Cellular metabolic changes resulting from human UGT expression were profiled by untargeted metabolomics. The abundant UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 were studied as UGT prototypes along with their alternative (alt.) splicing-derived isoforms displaying structural differences. Nineteen biochemical routes were modified, beyond known UGT substrates. Significant variations in glycolysis and pyrimidine pathways, and precursors of the co-substrate UDP-glucuronic acid were observed. Bioactive lipids such as arachidonic acid and endocannabinoids were highly enriched by up to 13.3-fold (p &lt; 0.01) in cells expressing the canonical enzymes. Alt. UGT2B7 induced drastic and unique metabolic perturbations, including higher glucose (18-fold) levels and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle metabolites and abrogated the effects of the UGT2B7 canonical enzyme when co-expressed. UGT1A1 proteins promoted the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and TCA metabolites upstream of the mitochondrial oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC). Alt. UGT1A1 exacerbated these changes, likely through its interaction with the OGDC component oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (OGDHL). This study expands the breadth of biochemical pathways associated with UGT expression and establishes extensive connectivity between UGT enzymes, alt. proteins and other metabolic processes

Identification of Metabolomic Biomarkers for Endometrial Cancer and Its Recurrence after Surgery in Postmenopausal Women

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most frequent gynecological cancer in developed countries. Most EC occurs after menopause and is diagnosed as endometrioid (type I) carcinomas, which exhibit a favorable prognosis. In contrast, non-endometrioid (type II) carcinomas such as serous tumors have a poor prognosis. Our goal was to identify novel blood-based markers associated with EC subtypes and recurrence after surgery in postmenopausal women. Using mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics, we examined preoperative serum metabolites among control women (n = 18) and those with non-recurrent (NR) and recurrent (R) cases of type I endometrioid (n = 24) and type II serous (n = 12) carcinomas. R and NR cases were similar with respect to pathological characteristics, body mass index, and age. A total of 1,592 compounds were analyzed including 14 different lipid classes. When we compared EC cases with controls, 137 metabolites were significantly different. A combination of spermine and isovalerate resulted in an age-adjusted area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUCadj) of 0.914 (P &lt; 0.001) for EC detection. The combination of 2-oleoylglycerol and TAG42:2-FA12:0 allowed the distinction of R cases from NR cases with an AUCadj of 0.901 (P &lt; 0.001). Type I R cases were also characterized by much lower levels of bile acids and elevated concentrations of phosphorylated fibrinogen cleavage peptide, whereas type II R cases displayed higher levels of ceramides. The findings from our pilot study provide a detailed metabolomics study of EC and identify putative serum biomarkers for defining clinically relevant risk groups

Endogenous Protein Interactome of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases Exposed by Untargeted Proteomics

The conjugative metabolism mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (UGTs) significantly influences the bioavailability and biological responses of endogenous molecule substrates and xenobiotics including drugs. UGTs participate in the regulation of cellular homeostasis by limiting stress induced by toxic molecules, and by controlling hormonal signaling networks. Glucuronidation is highly regulated at genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. However, the UGT protein interaction network, which is likely to influence glucuronidation, has received little attention. We investigated the endogenous protein interactome of human UGT1A enzymes in main drug metabolizing non-malignant tissues where UGT expression is most prevalent, using an unbiased proteomics approach. Mass spectrometry analysis of affinity-purified UGT1A enzymes and associated protein complexes in liver, kidney and intestine tissues revealed an intricate interactome linking UGT1A enzymes to multiple metabolic pathways. Several proteins of pharmacological importance such as transferases (including UGT2 enzymes), transporters and dehydrogenases were identified, upholding a potential coordinated cellular response to small lipophilic molecules and drugs. Furthermore, a significant cluster of functionally related enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, as well as in the glycolysis and glycogenolysis pathways were enriched in UGT1A enzymes complexes. Several partnerships were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitations and co-localization by confocal microscopy. An enhanced accumulation of lipid droplets in a kidney cell model overexpressing the UGT1A9 enzyme supported the presence of a functional interplay. Our work provides unprecedented evidence for a functional interaction between glucuronidation and bioenergetic metabolism

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<p>Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most frequent gynecological cancer in developed countries. Most EC occurs after menopause and is diagnosed as endometrioid (type I) carcinomas, which exhibit a favorable prognosis. In contrast, non-endometrioid (type II) carcinomas such as serous tumors have a poor prognosis. Our goal was to identify novel blood-based markers associated with EC subtypes and recurrence after surgery in postmenopausal women. Using mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics, we examined preoperative serum metabolites among control women (n = 18) and those with non-recurrent (NR) and recurrent (R) cases of type I endometrioid (n = 24) and type II serous (n = 12) carcinomas. R and NR cases were similar with respect to pathological characteristics, body mass index, and age. A total of 1,592 compounds were analyzed including 14 different lipid classes. When we compared EC cases with controls, 137 metabolites were significantly different. A combination of spermine and isovalerate resulted in an age-adjusted area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC_adj) of 0.914 (P < 0.001) for EC detection. The combination of 2-oleoylglycerol and TAG42:2-FA12:0 allowed the distinction of R cases from NR cases with an AUC_adj of 0.901 (P < 0.001). Type I R cases were also characterized by much lower levels of bile acids and elevated concentrations of phosphorylated fibrinogen cleavage peptide, whereas type II R cases displayed higher levels of ceramides. The findings from our pilot study provide a detailed metabolomics study of EC and identify putative serum biomarkers for defining clinically relevant risk groups.</p

Estradiol metabolites as biomarkers of endometrial cancer prognosis after surgery

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy prevailing after menopause. Defining steroid profiles may help predict the risk of recurrence after hysterectomy, which remains limited due to the lack of reliable markers. Adrenal precursors, androgens, parent estrogens and catechol estrogen metabolites were measured by mass spectrometry (MS) in preoperative serums and those collected one month after hysterectomy from 246 newly diagnosed postmenopausal EC cases. We also examined the associations between steroid hormones and EC status by including 110 healthy postmenopausal women. Steroid concentrations were analyzed in relation to clinicopathological features, recurrence and overall survival (OS). The mean follow-up time was 65.5 months and 26 patients experienced relapse after surgery for a recurrence incidence of 10.6% (6.4% Type I and 29.5% Type II). Recurrence and OS were related to a more aggressive disease but not linked to body mass index. Preoperative levels of estriol (E3) and estrone-sulfate (E1-S) were inversely associated with recurrence in a multivariate logistic regression analysis (Hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.31, P = 0.039 and 3.01, P = 0.024; respectively). All circulating steroids declined considerably after surgery almost reaching those of healthy women, except 4-methoxy-E2 (4MeO-E2) for which postoperative levels increased by 35% and were associated to a 68% decreased risk of recurrence (HR = 0.32, P = 0.015). Women diagnosed with both histological types of EC present significantly higher levels of steroids, in support of their mitogenic effects. The estrogen precursor E1-S, the anticancer metabolite 4MeO-E2, and E3 that exert mixed antagonist and agonist estrogenic activities and immunological effects, are potential independent prognostic factors