Undiagnosed abnormal postpartum blood loss: Incidence and risk factors

<div><p>Background</p><p>We aimed to evaluate the incidence of undiagnosed abnormal postpartum blood loss (UPPBL) after vaginal delivery, identify the risk factors and compare them to those of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).</p><p>Method</p><p>The study population included women who participated in a randomized controlled trial of women with singleton low-risk pregnancy who delivered vaginally after 35 weeks’ gestation (n = 3917). Clinical PPH was defined as postpartum blood loss ≥ 500 mL measured by using a collector bag and UPPBL was defined by a peripartum change in haemoglobin ≥ 2 g/dL in the absence of clinical PPH. Risk factors were assessed by multivariate multinomial logistic regression.</p><p>Results</p><p>The incidence of UPPBL and PPH was 11.2% and 11.0% of vaginal deliveries, respectively. The median peripartum change in Hb level was comparable between UPPBL and PPH groups (2.5 g/dL interquartile range [2.2–3.0] and 2.4 g/dL IQR [1.5–3.3]). Risk factors specifically associated with UPPBL were Asian geographical origin (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–4.2; p = 0.009), previous caesarean section (aOR 3.4, 2.1–5.5; p<0.001) and episiotomy (aOR 2.6, 1.8–3.6; p<0.001). Risk factors for both UPPBL and PPH were primiparity, long duration of labour, instrumental delivery and retained placenta.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Undiagnosed abnormal postpartum blood loss is frequent among women giving birth vaginally and has specific risk factors. The clinical importance of this entity needs further confirmation, and the benefit of systematic or targeted prevention strategies needs to be assessed.</p></div

Prepartum, postpartum and median peripartum change in haemoglobin (Hb) level, number of women with postpartum anemia and blood loss in women with undiagnosed abnormal postpartum blood loss (UPPBL), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and controls.

<p>Prepartum, postpartum and median peripartum change in haemoglobin (Hb) level, number of women with postpartum anemia and blood loss in women with undiagnosed abnormal postpartum blood loss (UPPBL), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and controls.</p

Multivariate analysis^a of risk factors for UPPBL and PPH (n = 3917).

<p>Multivariate analysis<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190845#t004fn001" target="_blank">^a</a> of risk factors for UPPBL and PPH (n = 3917).</p

Characteristics of the study population (n = 3917).

<p>Characteristics of the study population (n = 3917).</p

Univariate analysis of characteristics of women, labour and delivery associated with UPPBL, clinical PPH, and controls.

<p>Univariate analysis of characteristics of women, labour and delivery associated with UPPBL, clinical PPH, and controls.</p