Control of carbon nanotube morphology by change of applied bias field during growth

Carbon nanotube morphology has been engineered via simple control of applied voltage during dc plasma chemical vapor deposition growth. Below a critical applied voltage, a nanotube configuration of vertically aligned tubes with a constant diameter is obtained. Above the critical voltage, a nanocone-type configuration is obtained. The strongly field-dependent transition in morphology is attributed primarily to the plasma etching and decrease in the size of nanotube-nucleating catalyst particles. A two-step control of applied voltage allows a creation of dual-structured nanotube morphology consisting of a broad base nanocone (~200 nm dia.) with a small diameter nanotube (~7 nm) vertically emanating from the apex of the nanocone, which may be useful for atomic force microscopy

Delayed Timing of Insemination Relative to Estrus Improves Pregnancy to Artificial Insemination With Sex-Sorted Semen in Beef Heifers

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effect of timing of artificial insemination (AI) relative to the onset of estrus on pregnancy outcome when using sex-sorted semen in beef heifers. Study Description: Beef heifers were subjected to the melengestrol acetate with prostaglandin (MGA-PG) estrous synchronization protocol and visually observed for estrus every four hours for five days following injection of PG. Following detection of estrus, heifers were inseminated with semen sorted to contain X-chromosome bearing sperm cells (4.0 × 106 live cells per 0.25 mL straw of SexedULTRA 4M). Heifers were retrospectively categorized into one of three intervals from estrus onset to insemination: 1) 12.5–15.9 hours; 2) 16.5–21.0 hours; and 3) 21.4–27.5 hours. Results: Heifers with the shortest interval (12.5–15.9 hours) from estrus onset to insemination had a similar (P \u3e 0.10) AI pregnancy rate as compared with heifers with the interval from estrus onset to insemination of 16.5 to 21 hours. Heifers inseminated 21.4 to 27.5 hours following estrus onset achieved a greater (P ≤ 0.05) AI pregnancy rate than heifers inseminated 12.5 to 15.9 hours following estrus onset. The Bottom Line: Insemination of beef heifers with sex-sorted semen later than 21 hours after estrus onset appears to improve pregnancy rate to AI when compared to earlier insemination times

Field Trial Assessing the Use of Sex-Sorted Semen in Beef Cattle

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sex-sorted semen on beef cows and heifers. Study Description: For this trial, 320 Angus and SimAngus cows and heifers from four groups were used. Group 1 yearling heifers (n = 101) were synchronized using the melengestrol acetate plus prostaglandin F2α (MGA-PGF2α) protocol and Groups 2, 3, and 4 cows (n = 219) were synchronized using the 7-Day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol. Insemination was done with semen from an Angus sire (Group 1 yearling heifers and Group 2 young cows) sorted to contain \u3e90% X-bearing sperm, or a Charolais sire (Groups 3 and 4 mature cows) sorted to contain \u3e90% Y-bearing sperm. Females were bred after visual estrus detection (Group 1 yearling heifers), fixed time artificial insemination (AI; Group 4 mature cows), or split time AI (Group 2 young cows and Group 3 mature cows). The Bottom Line: These results indicate that sex-sorted semen has potential in commercial beef cows and heifers. Increasing carcass weights in the beef industry has caused a greater price spread between steers and heifers. With increasing spread in value between heifer calves and steer calves, opportunity exists for economic gain with “bull” sexed semen, especially in terminal sire programs

Lexical access speed and the development of phonological recoding during immediate serial recall

A recent Registered Replication Report (RRR) of the development of verbal rehearsal during serial recall revealed that children verbalized at younger ages than previously thought, but did not identify sources of individual differences. Here, we use mediation analysis to reanalyze data from the 934 children ranging from 5 to 10 years old from the RRR for that purpose. From ages 5 to 7, the time taken for a child to label pictures (i.e. isolated naming speed) predicted the child’s spontaneous use of labels during a visually presented serial reconstruction task, despite no need for spoken responses. For 6- and 7-year-olds, isolated naming speed also predicted recall. The degree to which verbalization mediated the relation between isolated naming speed and recall changed across development. All relations dissipated by age 10. The same general pattern was observed in an exploratory analysis of delayed recall for which greater demands are placed on rehearsal for item maintenance. Overall, our findings suggest that spontaneous phonological recoding during a standard short-term memory task emerges around age 5, increases in efficiency during the early elementary school years, and is sufficiently automatic by age 10 to support immediate serial recall in most children. Moreover, the findings highlight the need to distinguish between phonological recoding and rehearsal in developmental studies of short-term memory

Multilab Direct Replication of Flavell, Beach, and Chinsky (1966): Spontaneous Verbal Rehearsal in a Memory Task as a Function of Age

Work by Flavell, Beach, and Chinsky indicated a change in the spontaneous production of overt verbalization behaviors when comparing young children (age 5) with older children (age 10). Despite the critical role that this evidence of a change in verbalization behaviors plays in modern theories of cognitive development and working memory, there has been only one other published near replication of this work. In this Registered Replication Report, we relied on researchers from 17 labs who contributed their results to a larger and more comprehensive sample of children. We assessed memory performance and the presence or absence of verbalization behaviors of young children at different ages and determined that the original pattern of findings was largely upheld: Older children were more likely to verbalize, and their memory spans improved. We confirmed that 5- and 6-year-old children who verbalized recalled more than children who did not verbalize. However, unlike Flavell et al., substantial proportions of our 5- and 6-year-old samples overtly verbalized at least sometimes during the picture memory task. In addition, continuous increase in overt verbalization from 7 to 10 years old was not consistently evident in our samples. These robust findings should be weighed when considering theories of cognitive development, particularly theories concerning when verbal rehearsal emerges and relations between speech and memory

Reviewing the evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies in Thailand

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Following universal access to antiretroviral therapy in Thailand, evidence from National AIDS Spending Assessment indicates a decreasing proportion of expenditure on prevention interventions. To prompt policymakers to revitalize HIV prevention, this study identifies a comprehensive list of HIV/AIDs preventive interventions that are likely to be effective and cost-effective in Thailand.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A systematic review of the national and international literature on HIV prevention strategies from 1997 to 2008 was undertaken. The outcomes used to consider the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions were changes in HIV risk behaviour and HIV incidence. Economic evaluations that presented their results in terms of cost per HIV infection averted or cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained were also included. All studies were assessed against quality criteria.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The findings demonstrated that school based-sex education plus life-skill programs, voluntary and routine HIV counselling and testing, male condoms, street outreach programs, needle and syringe programs, programs for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, male circumcision, screening blood products and donated organs for HIV, and increased alcohol tax were all effective in reducing HIV infection among target populations in a cost-effective manner.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We found very limited local evidence regarding the effectiveness of HIV interventions amongst specific high risk populations. This underlines the urgent need to prioritise health research resources to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HIV interventions aimed at reducing HIV infection among high risk groups in Thailand.</p