L’esclave en droit romain ou l’impossible réification de l’homme

Le droit romain pré-classique et classique (du Ier s. av. J.-C. au IIIe s. apr. J.-C.) traite l’esclave tour à tour comme chose, comme animal, et comme être humain. Par le truchement du droit honoraire (édits des édiles curules et du préteur urbain) et de la doctrine des jurisconsultes, la reconnaissance de l’humanité de l’esclave s’est affirmée et reflète l’importance de l’esclave comme acteur incontournable de la vie sociale, économique, voire judiciaire du monde romain.Preclassical and classical Roman law (from the first century B.C. until the third century A.D.) deals with slaves alternately as things, animals, and human beings. Through honorary law (aedilician and praetorian edicts) and the jurists’ opinion, the humanity of slaves is increasingly acknowledged, reflecting their ubiquitous part in social, economic, and even judiciary life in the Roman empire

Search for Bs0sB^{0}_{s}s oscillations using inclusive lepton events

A new search for Bs oscillations is performed in a sample of semileptonic b-hadron decays collected by the ALEPH experiment during 1991-1995. Compared to previous inclusive lepton analyses, the proper time resolution and mistag are significantly improved. In addition sub-samples of the data are assigned an enriched or depleted Bs fraction. Maximum likelihood fits are performed to derive a preliminary lower limit of Dms > 10.2 ps-1 at 95L. Combining with the ALEPH Ds based analyses yields Dms>10.4 ps-1 at 95L

Ten Years of Valuation of the Local Impact of Atmospheric Pollution: from Scientific Assessments to Political Decisions

This paper focuses on the economic valuation of the impact of local air pollution. Two main issues are considered: 1. The scientific issue: what is estimated, how and why? The main studies from the nineties are presented here. Two strong issues are stressed, with the diversity of valuation methods, on the one hand, and the debates on how to take the long term into account and the discount technique, on the other. 2. The political issue: how the results from the economic field are analysed and used to establish official values for public policies? The methods used in the transport sector in three different European countries (France, Sweden and Switzerland) are studied here.To conclude, we highlight the discrepancy between these two processes and, wherever possible, offer solutions to reach better synergy.Local air pollution ; External costs ; Economic valuation ; Official values ; Public decision ; International comparison