21 research outputs found
Cost-benefit analysis of replacing maize with rice husk supplemented with grindazyme, nutrsea xyla or roxazyme g enzyme supplementation in the diet of Arbor Acres broilers
The experiment was carried out to investigate the cost-‐benefit of replacing maize with rice husk supplemented with enzymes in the diet of arbor acres broilers. The experimental design was a 2×4 factorial combination of two dietary level of rice husk (0 or 25%) with four levels of different enzymes 0E (without enzyme 0ppm), 100E (100ppm of Nutrase xyla), 150E (150 ppm of Roxazyme G), or 350E (350ppm of Grindazyme). Rice husk was added at the expense of maize in the control diet and each experimental diet was tested during a 56-‐day feeding trial in triplicate. One hundred and ninety-‐two (192) one-‐day old unsexed Arbor acres chicks were used in the trial. Each of these was undertaken in the presence of no enzyme 0E (0ppm) or with different types of commercial enzymes at recommended level, which are 100E (100ppm of Nutrase xyla), 150E (150ppm of Roxazyme G), and 350E (350ppm of Grindazyme). Cost of each ingredient was used to calculate the total cost; there were reductions in the cost of raising 1Kg of Arbor acre broiler on supplementation of the rice husk diets with commercial enzymes. The 25% replacement of maize with rice husk supplemented with commercial enzymes has no detrimental effect on the performance of the birds; rather the saving cost was associated with improved weight gain. The inclusion of rice husk supplemented with any of the enzymes in the diets reduced the cost of producing broilers and hence increased profit
Patient characteristics associated with COVID-19 positivity and fatality in Nigeria: retrospective cohort study
Objective: Despite the increasing disease burden, there is
a dearth of context-specific evidence on the risk factors for
COVID-19 positivity and subsequent death in Nigeria. Thus,
the study objective was to identify context-specific factors
associated with testing positive for COVID-19 and fatality
in Nigeria.
Design Retrospective cohort study.
Setting: COVID-19 surveillance and laboratory centres in
36 states and the Federal Capital Territory reporting data to
the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control.
Participants: Individuals who were investigated for SARSCoV-2 using real-time PCR testing during the study period
27 February–8 June 2020.
Methods: COVID-19 positivity and subsequent mortality.
Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed
to identify factors independently associated with both
outcome variables, and findings are presented as adjusted
ORs (aORs) and 95% CIs.
Results: A total of 36 496 patients were tested for
COVID-19, with 10 517 confirmed cases. Of 3215
confirmed cases with available clinical outcomes, 295
died. Factors independently associated with COVID-19
positivity were older age (p value for trend<0.0001), male
sex (aOR 1.11, 95%CI 1.04 to 1.18) and the following
presenting symptoms: cough (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.13 to
1.32), fever (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.45 to 1.71), loss of smell
(aOR 7.78, 95% CI 5.19 to 11.66) and loss of taste (aOR
2.50, 95% CI 1.60 to 3.90). An increased risk of mortality
following COVID-19 was observed in those aged ≥51
years, patients in farming occupation (aOR 7.56, 95% CI
1.70 to 33.53) and those presenting with cough (aOR 2.06,
95% CI 1.41 to 3.01), breathing difficulties (aOR 5.68, 95%
CI 3.77 to 8.58) and vomiting (aOR 2.54, 95% CI 1.33 to
4.84).
Conclusion: The significant risk factors associated with
COVID-19 positivity and subsequent mortality in the
Nigerian population are similar to those reported in studies
from other countries and should guide clinical decisions for
COVID-19 testing and specialist care referrals
Investigation on Biochemically Processed Castor Seed Meal in Nutrition and Physiology of Japanese Quail
Native de-oiled and treated castor seed meal was subjected to proximate analysis and quantification of antinutrients (phytochemicals). Seed cake was treated by biochemical technique of solid state fermentation with Aspergillus niger and addition of calcium oxide (CaO) to give treated castor seed meal (TCSM). One hundred and twenty Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed four (4) iso-nitrogemous and iso-caloric diets containing 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% TCSM corresponding to the diet 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. While the feeding trial lasted for 56 days, feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Data on proximate composition showed that raw seed, defatted residue (cake) and the processed castor seed meal contained valuable nutrients like dry matter, crude protein, fat, fibre, mineral matter and soluble carbohydrate (NFE). Phytochemical quantification gave high levels of the anti-nutrients such as ricin, allergens, ricinine in the raw seed. However, levels of these phytochemicals were reduced by defatting and treatments of the cake meal by solid state fermentation, A. niger and CaO. Performance traits indicated decreases in feed intake, weight gain, growth and increases in mortality rates especially on the diet with the highest (7.5%) inclusion of TCSM compared to the control diet (P0.05). Enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed decreasing trend with increasing level of CSM in diets (P<0.05). Profiling electrolytes in the fed quails showed significant variations in concentrations of Ca++ and HCO3- on TCSM based diets (P<0.05) comparable with the control diet values. Conclusively, despite treating CSM by solid state fermentation with A. niger and CaO addition in this trial, TCSM addition still appears to induce toxic and deleterious effects on the quails. Subsequent works to enable inclusions at acceptable and higher levels after treatments are on-going