Microstructural transitions in resistive random access memory composed of molybdenum oxide with copper during switching cycles

The switching operation of a Cu/MoOx/TiN resistive random access memory (ReRAM) device was investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), where the TiN surface was slightly oxidized (ox-TiN). The relationship between the switching properties and the dynamics of the ReRAM microstructure was confirmed experimentally. The growth and/or shrinkage of the conductive filament (CF) can be classified into two set modes and two reset modes. These switching modes depend on the device's switching history, factors such as the amount of Cu inclusions in the MoOx layer and the CF geometry. High currents are needed to produce an observable change in the CF. However, sharp and stable switching behaviour can be achieved without requiring such a major change. The local region around the CF is thought to contribute to the ReRAM switching process

Denaturation of Lysozyme and Myoglobin in Laser Spray

In laser spray, the tip of an electrospray capillary is irradiated with a continuous CO2 laser beam. Here, we report results from a modified laser spray method that employs a relatively low laser irradiance level. With a laser power of ∼2 W and a focal spot size (∼0.3 mm), which covered the entire front surface of the electrospray capillary, the irradiance was ∼3 × 103 W/cm2. This resulted in a quiescent and smooth vaporization of aqueous solutions. This “evaporation-mode” laser spray method yielded the best results so far obtained in our laboratory with laser-irradiated electrospray, producing higher and more stable signals. The method was applied to the analysis of aqueous solutions of lysozyme and myoglobin. Mass spectra were obtained as a function of laser power from 0 W (electrospray) to ∼2 W. The spray generated at the tip of the stainless steel capillary was observed with a CCD camera. With increase of laser power, the droplets in the spray became finer and the Taylor cone became progressively smaller. The strongest ion signals were recorded when the sample solution protruded only slightly from the tip of the capillary. A broadening of the lysozyme charge-state distribution, attributable to protein unfolding, was observed with a laser power of 2 W. No denaturation of myoglobin took place up to a laser power of 1.6 W. However, a sudden onset of denaturation was observed at 1.8 W as a broadening of the myoglobin charge distribution and the appearance of apo-myoglobin peaks. These findings demonstrate that laser spray is capable of dissociating the noncovalent complexes selectively without breaking covalent bonds

Classical nucleation theory applied to molecular orientations in vapor-deposited organic thin films

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