The Market Structure Benefits of Trade and Investment Liberalization

This Working Paper develops a simple method for calculating welfare benefits when the market structure is made more competitive through the removal of import barriers and investment restrictions. Classic instances where trade and investment restrictions serve to preserve monopolistic monopoly market structures in a number of countries include automobiles, petrochemicals, telecommunications, insurance, and civil aviation. The analytic framework set forth in this working paper will be used in studies now underway of the cost of protection in Australia, Canada, China, the European Union and Indonesia.

The Effects of Agricultural Trade Liberalisation under the Doha Development Agenda with Special Reference to the Asia Pacific Region: A Brief Survey

This study attempts to fill this gap and aims to draw some lessons from Indonesia’s experience, by examining the export-supply response of firms in Indonesian manufacturing. The study asks two questions. First, what is the picture of export-supply response of firms in Indonesian manufacturing during and after the 1997/98 economic crisis?, and second, which factors determine the firms’ export-supply response?Export, Indonesia, Indonesian Manufacturing

ETHNOMATHEMATICS IN PERSPECTIVE OF SUNDANESE CULTURE

This study is an exploratory research aims to find and know about a phenomenon by exploration. Therefore, the approach used in this study is ethnographic approach, an empirical and theoretical approach to get description and deep analysis about a culture based on field study. From the sustainable interviews and confirmation about field research with some community leaders in Cipatujah district, Tasikmalaya regency and in Santolo Pameungpeuk beach, Garut regency; it is found that Ethnomathematics is still widely used by Sundanese people especially in rural areas: the use of measurement units, mathematical modeling, and the use of clock symbols. The results of this study can be useful for Sundanese people and the government of West Java in education, cultural services, and tourism. Keywords: Ethnomathematics, Unit Calculation, Modeling, Symbolic Time DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22342/jme.8.1.3877.1-1

Diagnostic strategies in children with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in primary care

Chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms are common presentations among children in primary care. Because symptoms of functional gastrointestinal disorders may be indistinguishable from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians to differentiate between them accurately. Unnecessary referrals in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders need to be balanced against the risk of missing a child with IBD. Calprotectin is an inflammatory marker that can be measured in faeces by using a simple non-invasive test, but has never been evaluated in children presenting in primary care. The main objective of the thesis was to determine the diagnostic value of faecal calprotectin for IBD in children presenting with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in primary care. The results showed that faecal calprotectin is a useful test for ruling out IBD in children with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and alarm symptoms. Blood markers showed lower discriminative value than faecal calprotectin. The blood marker C-reactive protein had no added value to alarm symptoms in contrast to faecal calprotectin. A test strategy of performing faecal calprotectin when alarm symptoms had been identified was associated with a reduction in referrals without missing a child with IBD. Therefore, blood markers seem less valuable in selecting children who need referral to specialist care then faecal calprotectin. However, an impact study is now needed to determine whether the test strategy of faecal calprotectin and alarm symptoms might actually improve both the diagnostic decision making of general practitioners in daily practice and the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic assessment in primary care

Diagnostic strategies in children with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in primary care

Chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms are common presentations among children in primary care. Because symptoms of functional gastrointestinal disorders may be indistinguishable from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians to differentiate between them accurately. Unnecessary referrals in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders need to be balanced against the risk of missing a child with IBD. Calprotectin is an inflammatory marker that can be measured in faeces by using a simple non-invasive test, but has never been evaluated in children presenting in primary care. The main objective of the thesis was to determine the diagnostic value of faecal calprotectin for IBD in children presenting with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in primary care. The results showed that faecal calprotectin is a useful test for ruling out IBD in children with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and alarm symptoms. Blood markers showed lower discriminative value than faecal calprotectin. The blood marker C-reactive protein had no added value to alarm symptoms in contrast to faecal calprotectin. A test strategy of performing faecal calprotectin when alarm symptoms had been identified was associated with a reduction in referrals without missing a child with IBD. Therefore, blood markers seem less valuable in selecting children who need referral to specialist care then faecal calprotectin. However, an impact study is now needed to determine whether the test strategy of faecal calprotectin and alarm symptoms might actually improve both the diagnostic decision making of general practitioners in daily practice and the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic assessment in primary care

Ethnomathematics in Perspective of Sundanese Culture

This study is an exploratory research aims to find and know about a phenomenon by exploration. Therefore, the approach used in this study is ethnographic approach, an empirical and theoretical approach to get description and deep analysis about a culture based on field study. From the sustainable interviews and confirmation about field research with some community leaders in Cipatujah district, Tasikmalaya regency and in Santolo Pameungpeuk beach, Garut regency; it is found that Ethnomathematics is still widely used by Sundanese people especially in rural areas: the use of measurement units, mathematical modeling, and the use of clock symbols. The results of this study can be useful for Sundanese people and the government of West Java in education, cultural services, and tourism

Managing capital flows: The case of Indonesia

This paper describes Indonesia's experiences in managing foreign capital flows after the 1997 financial crisis. It highlights several differences in types and magnitude of capital flows from the pre-crisis period and reviews the determinants of capital flows including government policy and regulatory framework to respond to the influx of capital flows. The paper concludes that the country's policy still focuses on ways to mobilize foreign (and domestic) capital to return in order to finance the resource gap by maintaining macroeconomic stability, improving the investment climate and enhancing prudential supervision of foreign capital flow utilization, particularly by the banking and private sectors

Payment system in Indonesia: Recent developments and policy issues

This paper describes the existing payment system in Indonesia, which is comprised of cash and non-cash payment systems. The non-cash payment system has evolved swiftly due to improvements in information technology and the resulting transition from a paper-based to a card-based system. With the development of e-money, it is already moving toward a paperless payment system. As the monetary authority in Indonesia, Bank Indonesia is responsible for regulating and safeguarding the smooth and efficient operation of the national payment system. In 2004, the bank revised the blueprint of the system, which was originally introduced in 1995 in anticipation of efficiency-related challenges and legal implications arising from economic and technological development. Although Bank Indonesia expects to be able to provide equitable access and offer consumer protection, potential benefits arising from technological advances to the payment system, such as access in remote areas, remains an issue for small- and medium-sized enterprises. This paper examines this issue closely, with an eye to making the payment system more inclusive. It also examines the impact of the recent global financial crisis on Indonesia's payment system. The authors found that the system has remained safe, secure, and reliable despite some minor liquidity problems experienced by small banks in the last quarter of 2008 as the effects of the global crisis began to penetrate the country's financial sector

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS-VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE INTEGRATED (PCA-VARI) MODEL USING DATA MINING APPROACH TO CLIMATE DATA IN THE WEST JAVA REGION

Over a long time, atmospheric changes have been caused by natural phenomena. This study uses the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model combined with Vector Autoregressive Integrated (VARI) called the PCA-VARI model through the data mining approach. PCA reduces ten variables of climate data into two principal components during ten years (2001-2020) of climate data from NASA Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources. VARI is a non-stationary multivariate time series to model two or more variables that influence each other using a differencing process. The Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) method was conducted for empirical analysis. Pre-processing is an analysis of raw climate data. The data mining process determines the proportion of each component of PCA and is selected as variables in the VARI process. The postprocessing is by visualizing and interpreting the PCA-VARI model. Variables of solar radiation and precipitation are strongly correlated with each measurement location data. A forecast of the interaction of variables between locations is shown in the results of Impulse Response Function (IRF) visualization, where the climate of the West Java region, especially the Lembang and Bogor areas, has strong response climate locations, which influence each other