COMPARISON OF INCIDENTAL FINDINGS OF BRAIN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS, FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS

Background: It has been emphasized for a long time that neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes play an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia. Subjects and methods: In this study, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 97 patients with schizophrenia (SCH), 42 firstepisode psychosis (FEP) patients, and 70 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed, and abnormal findings on brain MRI were recorded. Participant\u27s age, gender, and brain MRI findings were recorded retrospectively. Fazekas grades evaluated the distribution of white matter hyperintensities in the brain. Results: The mean ages of FEP, SCH, and HC were 24.8±6.3, 36.9±11.5, and 36±10.5, respectively. Generalized cerebral atrophy was higher in SCH and HC than in FEP groups, and frontoparietal atrophy was higher in the SCH group than in HC and FEP groups (p<0.001). The percentage of Fazekas Grade-1 was higher in the SCH group than HC and FEP groups (p=0.006). Additionally, the cavum veli interpositi (CVI) rate was higher in FEP and SCH groups than in the HC group (p=0.042). Conclusion: Although there was no significant age difference between the SCH and HC groups, the higher prevalence of generalized cerebral atrophy in the SCH group may indicate the neurodegenerative process of schizophrenia. The fact that CVI, a congenital brain anomaly, was detected more frequently in the FEP and SCH groups may suggest that schizophrenia may be associated with neurodevelopmental process

RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOR IN RECOVERED COVID-19 PATIENTS

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate risk-taking behavior and decision-making processes in recovered COVID- 19 patients. Subjects and methods: Twenty patients recovered from COVID-19 as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and twenty-one healthy individuals were recruited. A computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT) for measuring risk taking behavior tendencies as a decision-making process and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and WMS-R Digit Span Forward Test (DSFT) for clinical assessments included. The assessments of the recovered patients were applied on the initial phase that the tests of the patients were negative and on the 4-week follow up phase. Results: The results showed that the anxiety scores were significantly higher in the healthy control group than in the group of recovered patients. The IGT-Net 4 scores were significantly and IGT-Net total scores were marginally significantly lower in the group of recovered patients. In other words, recovered patients showed higher risk-taking behavior tendencies. This tendency difference is consistent with the anxiety levels of the groups. These IGT scores showed to be persistent in the 4-week follow up phase. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that recovered patients show higher risk-taking behavior tendencies than healthy controls and this may be the result of overcoming the COVID-19 threat

IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAFFEINE INTAKE AND SMOKING AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYMPTOM SEVERITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA?

Background: It has been reported that caffeine intake and smoking are more frequent in patients with schizophrenia than the general population. However, the cause of high caffeine and smoking and its correlation with positive and negative symptoms is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between daily caffeine intake and smoking and the severity of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Subjects and methods: This study included 177 participants, 89 of whom were healthy controls and 88 patients with schizophrenia. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) scales were applied to the patients with schizophrenia to measure the severity of positive and negative symptoms of the disease. Results: The amounts of caffeine and tobacco consumption were significantly higher in the patients group than healthy controls (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant correlations between daily caffeine consumption and SAPS or SANS scores in patients with schizophrenia. There was a significant positive relationship between SAPS-delusions score and tobacco consumption. Conclusions: Our study is the first study in the literature that examines the relationship between caffeine and cigarette intake and SANS and SAPS scales in patients with schizophrenia. Although caffeine intake is higher in patients with schizophrenia than healthy controls, this study is valuable as it shows that it is not associated with symptom severity. In addition, although it is known that smoking is high in patients with schizophrenia, this study showed a positive relationship between SAPS-delusion scores and tobacco consumption

KONAKLAMA İŞLETMESİ ÇALIŞANLARININ DOUGLAS McGREGOR’UN X VE Y TEORİLERİNE YÖNELİK TUTUMLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Douglas McGregor'un X ve Y Teorileri yöntemin yaklaşımları tarihinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. McGregor tarafından ortaya atılan X Teorisi adeta Klasik yönetim yaklaşımını özetlerken, Y Teorisi ise Neo-klasik yönetim yaklaşımının özü hakkında fikir vermektedir. Yöneticilerin ve çalışanların Douglas McGregor'un X-Y Teorileri hakkındaki tutumları, tercih edecekleri yönetim yaklaşımları hakkında fikir verebilir. Bu araştırmada; konaklama işletmeleri yöneticileri ve çalışanlarının diğer çalışanları X-Y Teorileri çerçevesinde nasıl değerlendirdiklerini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri anket tekniği ile toplanmış ve veriler nicel yöntemler ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda katılımcıların nispeten Y Teorisine daha yakın bir bakış açısında sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Turizm, Konaklama İşletmeleri, Yönetim Yaklaşımları, Douglas McGregor, X ve Y Teorileri. JEL Sınıflandırma Kodları: L83, D23

Relationship between WISC-R subtests and psychiatric symptom groups in attention and learning disorders

Purpose: In this study, in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or learning disorder (LD), we aimed to investigate the differentiating capacity of several instruments including Weschler Intelligence Tests (WISC-R) and Learning Disorder Battery. Materials and Methods: The children (72-131 mo.) that where diagnosed with ADHD and/or LD (total n: 81, boy n: 63 [77.8%]) were included. While the children were tested, active symptoms were remitted in a part of children (Clinical Global Impression below 3). Therefore, participants' active diagnoses were ADHD: 11, LD: 33, both: 15, or remitted: 22, and the children were grouped accordingly. Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and LD Battery were used. Results: The cases with LD (LD plus both) had significantly worse scores in all tests of LD Battery except for duration of reading and all subscores of WISC-R except for similarities compared to the cases without LD. The cases with ADHD (ADHD plus both) had significantly worse scores only in draw a clock of LD Battery and cipher of WISC-R compared to the cases without ADHD. Conclusion: WISC-R and LD Battery are valid and reliable instruments to differentiate several interrelated disorders (LD, ADHD, and/or both) and they have a good predictive validity to differentiate the cases that respond well to the treatments

The effects of antitrombin ııı on lung injury in a model of experimental acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis, especially in the severe form, is a well-known disease causing both local intraabdominal and remote organ disturbances, including lungs. As a natural inhibitor of serine proteases, antithrombin was previously shown to attenuate the tissue damage after ischemia-reperfusion, sepsis, and shock in several organ systems. Here, we examined the effects of antithrombin on pulmonary injury in a rat acute pancreatitis model. Thirty male Wistar-Albino rats underwent median laparotomy and randomized into three groups: group I (control) bilio-pancreatic duct was dissected but not ligated (n=10), group II (acute pancreatitis group) bilio-pancreatic duct was ligated (n=10), and group III (AT treated group) AT III 250 U/Kg was injected following bilio-pancreatic duct ligation (n=10). After observation time (48 hours) animals were sacrificed and myeloperoxidase activity together with tissue wet/dry ratio in the lung parenchyma were assessed and compared. There was a statistically significant increase in the quantity of myeloperoxidase activity and tissue wet/dry ratio of lungs in the acute pancreatitis group when compared to the control group. Treatment of animals with antithrombin partly reduced the pulmonary injury characterized by increased tissue wet/dry ratio and myeloperoxidase activity. But this reduction was not found to be statistically significant. Beneficial effects of AT in preventing pulmonary injury following experimental models of sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion have been reported previously. In our model of experimental acute pancreatitis, AT showed some attenuating effect on pulmonary injury despite it was limited when compared to that of ischemiareperfusion and sepsis models. This result suggests that some other confounding factors may be involved in the mechanisms of pulmonary injury related to acute pancreatitis. We believe that further detailed studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of that injury.Akut pankreatitte gelişen akciğer hasarına Antitrombin III'ün etkisi araştırıldı. 30 adet rat üç gruba ayrıldı ( n=10). Grup I (Kontrol grubu): Laparotomi ve bilio-pankreatik kanal hazırlığı yapıldı. Grup II (Akut pankreatit grubu):Bilio-pankreatik kanal bağlanarak akut pankreatit ve akciğer hasarı oluşturuldu. Grup III (Tedavi grubu): Bilio-pankreatik kanal bağlandı ve Antitrombin III verilerek akciğer dokusunun ıslak/kuru ağırlık oranı ve miyeloperoksidaz aktivitesindeki değişimler ölçüldü. Grup II ve III de miyeloperoksidaz aktivitesi ve ıslak/kuru ağırlık oranındaki artış kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı derecede yüksek saptandı (p<0.0001). Grup III de miyeloperoksidaz ve ıslak/kuru oranında azalma görüldü. Fakat bu değişim istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmadı. Literatürde deneysel iskemi-reperfüzyon ve sepsis modellerinde gelişen akciğer hasarı üzerine olumlu etkileri bildirilen Antitrombin III'ün, çalışmamızda oluşturulan pankreatite bağlı akciğer hasarını kısmen azalttığı, fakat bu etkinin iskemi-reperfüzyon ve sepsis modellerine göre çok daha sınırlı kaldığı görülmektedir. Bu da pankreatite bağlı akciğer hasarının oluşum mekanizmasında etkili başka faktörlerin olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu konuda altta yatan mekanizmaları aydınlatmak için ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır

Effects of Dissociative Symptoms on Clinical Course of Anxiety Disorders

Dissosiyasyon, belirli kosullar altinda herkeste ortaya cikabilecek uyumsal bir mekanizmadir. Baslangicta travmatik yasantilarin ustesinden gelme amaciyla kullanilirken zamanla patolojik bir surece donustugu ve bir bozukluk olarak nitelendirildigi dusunulmektedir. Basta derealizasyon ve depersonalizasyon olmak uzere, cesitli dissosiyatif belirtiler anksiyete bozukluklari arasinda gorulen yaygin semptomlardandir. Bu calisma anksiyete bozukluklarinda eslik eden dissosiyatif belirtilerin ele alinmasini, dissosiyasyonun anksiyete bozukluklarinda klinik seyri nasil etkiledigini, dolayisiyla da tedaviye yonelik kuramsal bilgileri ve bu alanda yapilan calismalarin sonuclarini icermektedir. [Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2014; 6(4.000): 330-339

COMPARISON OF PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 HOSPITALIZED IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AND NON-INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Background: The aim of this study was to compare of psychiatric symptoms in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in intensive care units and non-intensive care units. Subjects and methods: 3351 hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 were retrospectively scanned, and 130 of patients were checked by attending consultation psychiatrists. Results: The mean age of the patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in ICU (75±11.3) was higher than those hospitalized in non- ICU (57.9±14) (p<0.001). The rate of patients aged 65 and over was higher in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized ICU (86.3%) than those hopitalized in non-ICU (40.5%) (p<0.001). The frequency of psychiatric consultations due to delirium was higher in the patients hospitalized in ICU than those hospitalized in non-ICU (p<0.001). Haloperidol and SSRIs were preferred more frequently by psychiatrists in the patients hospitalized in ICU than those hospitalized in non-ICU (p<0.001 and p=0.041, respectively). Conclusions: Insomnia and delirium are the most frequent psychiatric manifestations in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and delirium and anxiety are more common in the COVID-19 patients who are hospitalized in ICU