EFFECT OF GARCINIA CAMBOGIA EXTRACT ON HEART OF RATS FED HIGH LIPID DIET

Many plants had been used as raw materials in drug development. One of them is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia, named Garcinia cambogia. The extract obtained from Garcinia cambogia fruits presents hypolipidemic properties, which arise from its high flavonoid content. The aim of the study was to validate the ability of HCA-containing Garcinia cambogia extract and flavonoids on cardiac lipid and protein metabolism in old and obese rats fed high lipid diet. Thirty female, one-year-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used and separated into three equal groups. Group I (control group) was fed basal diet, while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil and cholesterol (3%). 4.5 % Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. At the end of 75 days trial period, heart samples of all animals were promptly excised and homogenized. Cardiac total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were determined in post-mitochondrial fractions of the samples. The administration of diets containing vegetable oil (10%) and cholesterol (1.5%) in high levels in group 2 caused an insignificant increase in triglyceride and cholesterol levels of heart compared with control group. Also feeding with 4.5% Garcinia cambogia extract added to the diet and starting on day 45 caused an insignificant decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels in group 3 compared with group 2. Levels of cardiac total protein showed no significances between groups. All these findings suggest that there is a suppressive effect of HCA-containing Garcinia cambogia extract on cardiac lipid and protein metabolism in rats fed high lipid diet. According to these results, Garcinia cambogia can be recommended as a therapeutic agent against coronary heart disease by reducing cardiac triglyceride and cholesterol levels

Effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, and serum non-esterified fatty acids and C-reactive protein levels in rats fed with atherogenic diet

The aim of the study was to investigate the improving effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on performance metrics, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in rats fed with atherogenic diet. Thirty, one-year-old, female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of ten animals each. Control group was fed with basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid- and 5% hydrogenated-vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% Garcinia cambogia was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Performance metrics were significantly lower in group 3 than the other groups. Serum NEFA levels were significantly higher in group 3 than the control group on day 45, and in group 3 compared with the other groups on day 75. Serum CRP levels were not significantly different among all groups in all days. In conclusion, the reduced performance metrics indicate that supplementation with Garcinia cambogia extract is a novel therapeutic tool for weight management. Also, this study indicates that large doses of Garcinia cambogia can lead to a substantial increase in serum NEFA concentrations which may be due to the increased fat degradation

EFFECT OF THE ANTIOBESITY AGENT GARCINIA CAMBOGIA EXTRACT ON SERUM LIPOPROTEIN (a), APOLIPOPROTEINS A1 AND B, AND TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN FEMALE RATS FED ATHEROGENIC DIET

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the antiobesity agent Garcinia cambogia extract, on serum lipoprotein (a), apolipoproteins A1 (apo A1) and B (apo B), and total cholesterol levels in atherogenic diet fed rats. Thirty female, one year old Sprague-Dawley rats were separated to three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol). The diets of Groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid and 5% hydrogenated) and cholesterol (3%) in high levels. 4.5% (w/w) Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of Group 3 after Day 45 up until the end of trial period. Blood samples were withdrawn on Days 0, 45 and 75. Serum lipoprotein (a), apo B, apo A1 and total cholesterol levels were determined by colorimetric methods. Serum lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein B levels were not significantly different between groups throughout the study. Serum apo A1 levels increased (P<0.05) towards the end of the study in Groups 2 and 3. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in Groups 2 and 3 than in the control group on Days 45 and 75. Garcinia cambogia extract did not have any significant effect on the analysed indices. The rising in serum apo A1 levels in Groups 2 and 3 was surprising, since apo A1 is a primary protein of high density lipoprotein and is protector from atherosclerosis. In conclusion, a %65 HCA containing diet was insufficient to lower atherosclerotic lipoprotein levels. Therefore, a higher dose of Garcinia cambogia extract should be experienced in future studies

Effect of Dietary Garcinia cambogia Extract on Serum Essential Minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium) and Trace Elements (Iron, Copper, Zinc) in Rats Fed with High-Lipid Diet

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in rats fed with the normal or the high-lipid and -cholesterol diet. Thirty 1-year-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (pathogen-free), weighing an average of 229 g, were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of ten animals each. Diets and tap water were given ad libitum for 75 days. Group 1 (control group) was fed with basal diet (2 % liquid vegetable oil, 0 % cholesterol), while the diets of groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2 % liquid vegetable oil and 5 % hydrogenated vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3 %) in high levels. 4,5 % G. cambogia extract containing 65 % HCA was added to the diet of group 3 as from day 45. Blood samples were withdrawn on days 0, 45 and 75. Serum mineral levels were analyzed using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods with a spectrophotometer. All significant differences were p < 0.05. Serum Ca levels were not significantly different between all groups on days 45 and 75. Serum P level was significantly higher in the group fed with high-lipid diet and G. cambogia extract than in the control group on day 45. Serum Mg level was significantly higher in group 2 than in the control group on day 45. Serum Fe levels were significantly lower in the control group than in the other groups on days 45 and 75. Serum Zn level of the group fed with high-lipid diet and G. cambogia extract was significantly higher than in the control group on day 75. Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in group 2 than in the control group, and in group 3 than in group 2 on day 75. In conclusion, a diet containing the high fat amounts may lead to the increase in circular levels of some minerals due to the short-chain fatty acid production lowering the luminal pH which increases mineral solubility, or serving as a fuel for mucosal cells and stimulating cell proliferation in the large intestine. G. cambogia extract may be used in the P and Cu deficiencies due to increases resulting in the present P and Cu amounts in G. cambogia extract, or the use of phytate P in diet. It was hoped that with further evidence-based study this product will enter to mainstream medicines

Effect of dietary Garcinia cambogia extract on serum lipid profile and serum enzymes in rats fed high-lipid diet

The aim of the study was to investigate the preventive effects of dietary Garcinia cambogia extract on lipid metabolism and serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyle transferase (GGT) in rats fed high-lipid diet. Thirty female, one-year-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used and separated into three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid and 5% hydrogenated vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% (w/w) Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Blood samples were withdrawn from all rats on days 0, 45 and 75. Serum levels of total protein, LDL-cholesterol and phospholipid were lower in the control group than in the other two groups, and there were no significant differences between these two experimental groups at the end of the study (P<0.05). Serum triglyceride concentrations rose significantly in the Garcinia cambogia-supplemented group (group 3). HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly different between the three groups (P<0.05). The highest levels were in the control group. Serum ALT activities were not significantly different between the groups at the end of the study. Serum AST and GGT activities were significantly lower in the groups 2 and 3 than those in the controls, respectively. Fat feeding caused rising lipid indices in serum, while Garcinia cambogia supplementation to the fatty diet failed to decrease the rise in serum lipid indices in the present dose. The higher doses of Garcinia cambogia extract should be investigated

Effects of Dietary beta-Glucan on Serum Lipids and Performance Indices in Rats Fed a Diet Enriched with Cholesterol

The aims of this study were to investigate effects of beta-glucan on body weight gain, food intake, food conversion ratio and serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) and triglyceride levels in female rats fed hypercholesterolemic diet. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (8-weeks-old) weighing 161.78 +/- 3.88 g were divided into three equal groups. Group 1 (control) was fed basal diet (2% liquid-vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), group 2 was fed high-cholesterol diet (2% liquid-vegetable oil, 15% hydrogenated-oil and 1.5% cholesterol) and group 3 was fed high-cholesterol diet with 1% beta-glucan. The trial period was 30 days. Blood samples were withdrawn on days 0 and 30. Also, all rats were weighed on same days. Serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were detected with commercial kits by auto-analyzer. Body weight gain, food intake and food conversion ratio, and serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lower (P<0.05) in group 3 (the group fed fatty and added beta-glucan) than in the other two groups. Serum HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not significant between all groups at the end of the study. beta-glucan supplementation negatively affected food intake. However, beta-glucan effectively lowered serum LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol concentrations without affecting HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Therefore, beta-glucan may decrease the cholesterol synthesizing ability of liver and the risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease. (C) 2011 PVJ. All rights reserve

Effect of Supplementation of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides to Diets Containing Zinc Propionate on Some Serum Enzymes, Metabolites and Electrolytes in Broilers

Background: Zinc is needed as essential for many physiological functions in humans and animals. Chitosan is a natural substance produced in the body from glucose and some biological effects such as antimicrobial and immune modification mechanisms. beta-glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers and have important roles in antitumor and antimicrobial activity in animals. Inulin is used for its effects on immune function, bioavailability of minerals, lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal tract health. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), beta-glucan, and inulin on some serum enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes in broilers

Effect of Garcinia cambogia Extract on Fatty Liver in Rats Fed High Lipid

Garcinia cambogia is a plant which contains hydroxycitric acid and suppresses appetite and body fat accumulation. The aim of the study was to investigate the improving effect of Garcinia cambogia-extract on liver phospholipid, triglyceride, lipid hydroperoxide, total protein and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity, and histopathology of liver in female rats fed high-lipid diet. One-year-old 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were separated to three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid and 5% hydrogenated vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% (W/W) Garcinia cambogia-extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Rats were euthanized on day 75. Liver samples were weighed, homogenized and centrifuged to obtain post-mitochondrial fractions (PMF). PMF phospholipid levels significantly decreased in the group fed high-lipid diet compared with the control group and in the group fed Garcinia cambogia-extract compared with the other two groups (P<0.05). PMF lipid hydroperoxide levels were significantly higher and PMF triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the control group than those in the other two groups (P<0.05). In the result of histopathological examinations, marked fat infiltration was observed in hepatocytes of animals fed high-lipid diet. Livers of animals fed Garcinia cambogia-added diet showed moderate fat infiltrations of the hepatocytes. Liver fattening partly occurred in rats fed high-lipid diet. However, this did not lead to the severe cellular degeneration. Garcinia cambogia added to the high-lipid diet insufficiently impaired liver fattening in the present dose

FASN Gene Polymorphism in Indigenous Cattle Breeds of Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine the variants of the thio esterase (TE) beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domains of the Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) gene, in the East Anatolian Red (EAR) and South Anatolian Red (SAR) cattle breeds. It has been suggested that the FASN gene is effective on fatty acid composition of meat in cattle. In this study, the genotype and allele frequencies of g.17924 A>G, g.18440 G>A and g.16024 G>A, g.16039 T>C in TB and KR domains, respectively, were detected by using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The g.18663 T>C polymorphism of the TB domain was determined by direct sequencing. The GO genotype of the g.17924 A>G polymorphism, which affects unsaturated fatty acid composition positively, has a high frequency in EAR and SAR breeds. The frequencies of the two haplotypes g.16024 G>A and g.16039 T>C in the KR domain were found to be significantly high in both breeds. These haplotypes also have positive effects on unsaturated fatty acid composition. The AA genotype of the g. 18440 G>A polymorphism, which is suggested to be absent in Bos taurus breeds, was detected in SAR and EAR breeds with frequencies close to those in Bos indicus breeds. In conclusion, we suggest that SAR and EAR cattle breeds have an advantage in terms of genotype and haplotype distribution of the polymorphisms in TE and KR domains of the FASN gene. Additionally g.18440 G>A polymorphism might be a potential marker for breed discrimination