Effect of black surfaces to increase the average surface temperature of the earth: A global warning!

Gradual increase of the Earth's surface temperature can cause many significant changes on the climate of our planet. This problem is progressively increasing. One of the main reasons for this phenomenon is the absorption of the Sun's energy and lack of proper reflection of emissions due to man-made activities, one of which is the increase in black surfaces. In this descriptive and cross-sectional research, black surfaces in Gonabad city and the average heat absorption in amount and the increase in average heat absorption due to these surfaces were calculated by physical formula. To date, we used the information obtained from Gonabad Isallobars Office (GIO) and other related offices in the region (from 1980-2009) and performed a simple experiment to support our claim. Many factors were found to be the cause of the increase in average surface temperature of earth, such as increase in black surfaces. These surfaces appear not only on residential buildings but also on roads which have increased (637%) during this 30-year period in Gonabad city. It was calculated that 864 m3 of the air should be replaced to cool 1 m2 of the black surfaces. The average heat of the land surface in desert cities seems to increase rapidly. Therefore, it deserves much attention on the part of local managers and city officials to design plans and make some decisions for reducing or alleviating the problem as soon as possible

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea using titrated ondansetron (TRITON): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS-D) affects up to 4% of the general population. Symptoms include frequent, loose, or watery stools with associated urgency, resulting in marked reduction of quality of life and loss of work productivity. Ondansetron, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist, has had an excellent safety record for over 20 years as an antiemetic, yet is not widely used in the treatment of IBS-D. It has, however, been shown to slow colonic transit and in a small randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study, benefited patients with IBS-D. Methods: This trial is a phase III, parallel group, randomised, double-blind, multi-centre, placebo-controlled trial, with embedded mechanistic studies. Participants (n = 400) meeting Rome IV criteria for IBS-D will be recruited from outpatient and primary care clinics and by social media to receive either ondansetron (dose titrated up to 24 mg daily) or placebo for 12 weeks. Throughout the trial, participants will record their worst abdominal pain, worst urgency, stool frequency, and stool consistency on a daily basis. The primary endpoint is the proportion of “responders” in each group, using Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendations. Secondary endpoints include pain intensity, stool consistency, frequency, and urgency. Mood and quality of life will also be assessed. Mechanistic assessments will include whole gut transit, faecal tryptase and faecal bile acid concentrations at baseline and between weeks 8 and 11. A subgroup of participants will also undergo assessment of sensitivity (n = 80) using the barostat, and/or high-resolution colonic manometry (n = 40) to assess motor patterns in the left colon and the impact of ondansetron. Discussion: The TRITON trial aims to assess the effect of ondansetron across multiple centres. By defining ondansetron’s mechanisms of action we hope to better identify patients with IBS-D who are likely to respond

Motivational control over well-trained performance.

International audienc

Interagir avec l’ordinateur en utilisant les gestes de la main . Application à la stimulation physique et cognitive sur les séniors

International audienceNowadays, elderly people are more and more in touch with new technologies andparticularly with computers. Interaction with this kind of system is now possible with handgestures, thanks to devices like Nintendo's Wiimote or Microsoft's Kinect for example. In thispaper, we propose to examine the interest of the seniors to interact on computers with handgestures as the interaction modality instead of the traditional mouse and keyboard. We havedeveloped in our laboratory an application dedicated to physical and cognitive stimulation,made up of an interface and a serious game. Both are controlled by hand movements andhand gestures. Opinions and feelings were collected and compiled in a questionnaire madewith the cooperation of a psychologist on a set of 12 subjects.Les personnes âgées utilisent de plus en plus les nouvelles technologies et plusparticulièrement les ordinateurs. Des périphériques comme la Wiimote de Nintendo ouencore la Kinect de Microsoft permettent d’interagir avec l’ordinateur via les gestes de lamain. Cet article décrit une étude qui permet d’examiner l’intérêt du geste de la main commemoyen d’interaction avec l’ordinateur pour les séniors. Nous avons développé en laboratoireune application à la stimulation physique et cognitive composée d’une interface et d’un jeusérieux contrôlé par les mouvements et le geste de la main. Les opinions et points de vue ontété recueillis auprès de 12 personnes âgées et analysés à travers un questionnaire

Circuit and system design for an 860-960?MHz RFID reader front-ends with Tx leakage suppression in 0.18-mu m CMOS technology

This paper presents an RF Front-END for an 860-960thinspaceMHz passive RFID Reader. The direct conversion receiver architecture with the feedback structure in the RF front-end circuit is used to give good immunity against the large transmitter leakage and to suppress leakage. The system design considerations for receiver on NF and IIP3 have been discussed in detail. The RF Front-END contains a power amplifier (PA) in transmit chain and receive front-end with low-noise amplifier, up/down mixer, LP filter and variable-gain amplifier. In the transmitter, a differential PA with a new power combiner is designed and fabricated in a 0.18-mu m technology. The chip area is 2.65?mm x 1.35?mm including the bonding pads. The PA delivers an output power of 29?dBm and a power-added efficiency of 24% with a power gain of 20?dB, including the losses of the bond-wires. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

A Fully Integrated 900 MHz Power Amplifier with New Transformer Network in CMOS Technology

In this paper, a fully integrated 900-MHz CMOS differential power amplifier (PA) with new power combiner is designed and fabricated in a 0.18- um technology. For the high power CMOS PA design, new transformer network and the number of power stages is fully analyzed and optimized to find inductors dimensions. A parallel combination of the Class AB and the Class C amplifier or multiple gated common source transistors in power stages was used to improve both the linear operating range and the power efficiency simultaneously. The PA delivers an output power of 29 dBm and a power-added efficiency of 24\% with a power gain of 20 dB, including the losses of the bond-wires. Copyright (C) 2009 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved