Formulae of test and placebo tablet formulations.

<p>Formulae of test and placebo tablet formulations.</p

Changes in the intestinal microbiota after <i>Salacia reticulata</i> extract (SRE) ingestion.

<p>Comparison of the changes in the proportion of bacteria in the two groups. In intergroup comparisons, significant increases in <i>Bifidobacterium</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.0002) and marked decreases in <i>Bacteroides</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.0320) and <i>Clostridium</i> (<i>Clostridium</i> cluster IV, <i>Clostridium</i> subcluster XIVa, <i>Clostridium</i> cluster XI, and <i>Clostridium</i> cluster XVIII; <i>p</i> < 0.0114) were observed. <i>Lactobacillales</i> showed a trend toward increasing (<i>p</i> < 0.0742).</p

Genes whose expression was altered by <i>Salacia reticulata</i> extract (SRE) ingestion (interferon (IFN) signaling).

<p>Probe sets acquired by the rank products method are shown (FDR < 0.05). Expression levels of multiple IFN signaling-associated genes were altered, with levels of most genes being increased after SRE ingestion. Red text: upregulated genes and blue text: downregulated genes.</p

DNA microarray analysis of the liver mRNA from the mice fed the various diets.

<p>A, Cluster analysis of the gene expression profiles. Gene expression levels were normalized by the qFARMs method. The numbers at the end of the fed condition represent the mouse individuals. All the bootstrap values were larger than 70 (not shown). B, Numbers of the genes whose expression levels were affected by each feeding condition. Genes were selected based on their FDR values (<0.05) calculated by multiple comparisons of expression levels (n = 4) among feeding conditions (Et, ethanol; con, control; Ella, ethanol plus ellagic acid; Res, ethanol plus trans-resveratrol), e.g., up-regulated in the ethanol group compared with the control group (Et>con). Genes were then categorized in reference to their multiplicity of occurrence in each set, as indicated by the Benn diagram.</p

Dependency of the polyphenol's ameliorative effect on the CAR gene.

<p>A, Oil red O staining of the liver sections from CAR KO mice fed under the same conditions as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087142#pone-0087142-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>. Larger numbers of oil drops were observed in the sections of mice fed the ethanol, the ethanol plus ellagic acid, or the ethanol plus trans-resveratrol diet compared with that of the control diet. B, Quantification of oil drop intensities per section. Differences (n = 3, Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison) were observed between the control group (a) and the other groups (b). Scale bar, 10 µm.</p

Enrichment analysis of 287 probe set whose expression levels were down-regulated by ethanol and up-regulated by the addition of polyphenols.

*<p>: Lowest level groupings in which significant enrichment was observed.</p

Effect of polyphenols on the alcohol-induced fatty liver in the mice.

<p>A, Oil red O staining of the liver sections from the mice fed the control, the ethanol, the ethanol plus ellagic acid, or the ethanol plus trans-resveratrol diet. A larger number of oil drops was observed in the section of the mouse fed the ethanol diet compared with the other sections. B, Quantification of the oil drop intensities per section by image analysis (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087142#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>). Differences (n = 4 and 5, Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison) were observed between the ethanol group (b) and the other groups (a). Scale bar, 10 µm.</p

Enrichment analysis of 323 probe set whose expression levels were up-regulated by ethanol and down-regulated by the addition of polyphenols.

*<p>: Lowest level groupings in which significant enrichment was observed.</p

Enrichment analysis of 514 probe set whose expression levels were up-regulated only in the presence of ethanol plus polyphenols.

*<p>: Lowest level groupings in which significant enrichment was observed.</p

Mapping of the extracted gene products in metabolic pathways.

<p>Mapping of the extracted gene products in metabolic pathways.</p