Additional controls to enhance the active power management within islanded microgrids

Balancing the generated and consumed power in a microgrid is highly affected by the varying output power of the intermittent, renewable energy-based, distributed energy resources. This paper focuses on coordinating the output power among the energy resources within a microgrid while managing the consumed power at the demand side. The considered microgrid in this study consists of a battery system, which is the primary unit for grid-forming, as well as a photovoltaic system as the grid-following unit. A soft starting ramp function and an active power reduction function are implemented within the photovoltaic inverter respectively for the periods after the isolation of the microgrid from the grid and the over-frequency observation. Meanwhile, a demand-side management is developed based on the level of the battery’s state of charge, to facilitate the microgrid with a longer time in supplying its critical loads

Techno-economic evaluation of utilizing a small-scale microgrid

Microgrid deployment has offered technical and economical benefits such as improving grid reliability, maximizing penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources, reducing the cost of energy production, etc. However, to realize those advantages, the costs of microgrid implementation may be bloated as microgrid need additional investment for the enabling technologies. Therefore, an appropriate approach to determine the economic viability of microgrid to quantify the values of microgrid benefits is needed. This study performs a techno-economic analysis of a small-scale grid-connected microgrid deployment which consists of photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage system. The analysis is done by considering the possible bussines models available in Indonesia where the microgrid test case is located, i.e, net metering for electricity bill, feed-in tariff for utilizing renewable energy, demand response (DR) implementation by exploiting battery roles in response of price variation during peak and off-peak period and assuming compensation is given every time microgrid is in islanded mode due to fault event occur in the main grid. The feasibility of each model is indicated by the microgrid’s net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). The results show that further incentives from the utility or Government is required to make the small-scale microgrid deployment economically sustainable

Optimizing Under-voltage Load-shedding using genetic algorithm in microgrid

Imbalance power in an off-grid microgrid highly affecting its voltage variation. As microgrid is usually operated in low voltage, thus, the farthest node in the microgrid will encounter the biggest voltage drop. This paper presents a load shedding scheme for restoring the under-voltage condition at the affected load bus by imitating the droop control method. Using the Newton-Raphson power flow analysis and a simple linear regression formula, the P-V droop constant for each individual load’s bus can be calculated. The amount of active and reactive power adjustment is then retrieved referring the droop gain and the desired voltage magnitude to be corrected, the amount of active and reactive power adjustment can be retrieved. Furthermore, this paper proposes an optimization algorithm to minimize the number of disconnected loads as well as fulfilling the constraint of active and reactive power to be reduced

Incentive determination of a demand response program for microgrid

The return on investment for a microgrid can be accelerated if the microgrid can maximize its profits, either by minimizing the cost of energy production or maximizing the revenue from selling electricity to the microgrid customers. This can be achieved by implementing demand response. Under a demand response program, microgrid loads can be re-scheduled from peak to off-peak periods or shaved and shed during peak periods. Moreover, demand response execution may reduce customers’ comfort; thus, the microgrid operator should offer some compensating incentives to the participants. This study has been conducted from a microgrid owner’s perspective, aiming at determining the demand response incentives for its customers which should be feasible for both demand response participants and the microgrid operator. The incentives are derived from the difference between the microgrid’s profits before implementing the demand response program and its projected benefit before implementation. Due to the effects of controlling customers' loads to the customers comfort and economic aspects, the demand response is also optimized to minimize the number of affected loads and customers’ discomfort. The given incentive varies based on the participants' discomfort level and the load’s economic value. The results show that the microgrid operating under the proposed demand response program is able to increase its profits, part of which is allocated to the consumers as an incentive to participate in the program. Furthermore, the results from the sensitivity analysis show that the pay-back period of the participants’ demand response deployment cost is within the project lifetime

Determining a demand response incentive for microgrids

The return of investment of a microgrid (MG) project can be accelerated by minimizing the cost of energy production. Implementing demand response (DR) is one of the inexpensive solutions to accelerate this investment return rate. Under a DR program, MG loads can be re-scheduled from peak to off-peak periods, or shaved and shed during peak periods, depending on the loads' flexibility. However, additional costs are needed to provide the enabling technologies. On the other hand, DR execution may reduce customers' comfort; thus, the MG operator should provide some incentives to the participants for compensation. The given incentives should be effective and feasible for both DR participants and the MG operator. This study aims to determine the DR incentives derived from the differences of MG profit before and after implementing this program. The given incentive varies based on the discomfort level, felt by the participants, and the load's economic value. A Genetic Algorithm tool is used as the optimization method in this study

Penanganan Lahan Kritis dengan Metode Konservasi Lahan di Citarum Hulu

LAND CRITICALY HANDLING USING CONSERVATION METHODS ON UPPER CITARUM. The annual loss of erosion in Java is Rp. 5.9 trillion (Kompas, 21 October 2020). This illustrates, we are so weak in the aspects of planning, development, and supervision. One of the problems experienced in the upper of Citarum river is the level of erosion reach 120 tons/ha/ year (Risdiyanto, 2009). According to Hardjowigeno (1986), the erosion limit that can be tolerated is generally around 20 tonnes /ha/year. Seeing this condition, the problem of erosion is an important thing for community assistance. Community service aims to conduct training, mentoring, and field trials to reduce the rate of erosion. This service is carried out to farmer groups at Cimenyan District. The result of this service activity is the formation of awareness for agricultural business actors. Second, the allocation of proceeds from efforts to prevent erosion and sedimentation. Third, erosion can be maximally reduced, characterized by existing demonstration plots