Evaluation of the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on whole salivary flow rate

Background: Saliva plays a critical role in maintaining oral homeostasis; it modulates the ecosystem through lubrication of the alimentary bolus, protection against microorganisms, buffer and repair of the oral mucosa, and helps in dental re-mineralization. Various local and systemic factors such as medications, radiation therapy, systemic conditions, etc. can lead to reduction in salivary flow. A decrease in salivary function, known as Xerostomia, increases a patient's risk for caries and other oral infections. Palliative management of Xerostomia includes wetting agents such as ice chips, drugs and saliva substitutes. Systemic agents stimulate salivary flow but often have unfavorable side effects. Newer modalities like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), which has fewer side effects, have been used to stimulate salivary flow. The aim of the present study was to assess and evaluate the effect of TENS on whole salivary flow rates in healthy adult subjects. Study Design: A total of 80 healthy adult subjects were enrolled in the study. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva (using TENS) was collected for 5 minutes and the mean salivary flow rates were calculated. Data obtained was analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) version 15. Students "t" test was employed for comparative analysis. Results: Sixty-five of the 80 subjects demonstrated an increase in the salivary flow rate on application of TENS. Twelve subjects demonstrated a mild reduction in the salivary flow rates. Seven subjects experienced transient mild twitching of facial musculature as side effects. Conclusions: Significant increase in salivary flow rates was observed on application of TENS with minimal or no side effects

Genetic association in chronic periodontitis through dermatoglyphics: An unsolved link?

Introduction: Because dermatoglyphic features are strongly affected by genetic and environmental factors, using it as supportive evidence in the diagnosis of hereditary disorders becomes a reality. Offspring of patients suffering from chronic periodontitis have a high prevalence rate of periodontal breakdown, suggesting strong familial influence. Aims: The present study intends to evaluate and compare the dermatoglyphic patterns in controls and periodontally compromised patients. Settings and Design: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted, including a total of 60 individuals, divided into study and control groups of 30 each. The study group included clinically diagnosed periodontitis patients.Materials and Methods: The digital prints were collected using biometric scanner and palmer prints using digital flatbed scanner. Care was taken to ensure that full prints of ridges were obtained. The periodontal status of all 60 participants was assessed clinically for attachment level and pocket depth. Later, Russell's periodontal index was also calculated. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using chi square and Student's t-test. Results: Among the finger ridge patterns, whorl pattern was found to be the most common in the study group whereas loop pattern was the most common in the control group. Mean total finger ridge count in the study group (165.69 ± 25.30) was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than the control group (125.4 ± 16.38). Mean dat angle was significantly higher (P = 0.039) in the study group (60.60 ± 2.76) than the control group (59.20 ± 2.62). Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics may serve as an early predictor in identifying high risk group individuals of developing diseases like periodontitis

Radiographic evaluation of tonsilloliths in digital panoramic radiography – An institutional-based retrospective study

Background: Tonsilloliths/tonsillitis are calcifications that can be found in the lymphoid tissues of the posterior nasopharyngeal wall and the palatine tonsil. The majority of tonsilloliths are tiny, asymptomatic, and are typically discovered by accident during routine dental radiography. Objective: To assess the prevalence and characteristics of tonsilloliths in digital panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: The study population showed the presence of tonsilloliths in 400 out of 1000 digital panoramic radiographs screened. Results: Gender distribution of tonsillitis showed 66.5% female and 33.5% male patients. The age range was between 21-69 years with 41–50 years showing a maximum of 25% tonsilloliths. They were found unilaterally in 236 and bilaterally in 164 subjects. The most common location was in the bottom third of the mandibular body (61%), with more tonsillitis on the right side. Females had 44.4% more tonsilitis present unilaterally. The association of tonsilloliths between different age groups revealed highly significant values for the presence, quantity, and side involvement. Conclusion: Tonsilloliths are a frequent incidental finding in radiographs. They can be more easily found using panoramic radiography