Designing Theory of Planned Behavior questionnaire and evaluation of its validity-reliability in order to assess the preventive behavior of mobile phone usage in girl students

زمینه و اهداف: امروزه تلفن همراه، از مؤلفه­هاي فرهنگي نسل جوان و نوجوان محسوب مي­شود. تلفن­های همراه یک نوع پرتو به نام میدان الکترومغناطیس را در هوا منتشر می­کنند که متشکل از امواج الکتریکی و مغناطیسی است؛ لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف طراحی و روانسنجی پرسشنامه رفتار پیشگیرانه از عوارض استفاده از گوشی تلفن همراه بر دانش‌آموزان دختر شهرستان باغملک انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه نیمه تجربی بر روی 50 نفر از دانش آموزان دختر دوره متوسطه دوم (16تا 18ساله) منطقه شهری باغملک در دو گروه آزمون و شاهد به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی صورت گرفت. نمونه­هاي مورد بررسي طي سه مرحله با پرسشنامه محقق ساخته مورد ارزشیابي قرار گرفتند. آموزش به صورت مشاوره فردی با وسیله كمک آموزشي پمفلت ارائه شد. تمام مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید. به دانش آموزان، اطمینان از محرمانه بودن اطلاعات داده شد. اطلاعات بدست آمده توسط نرم افزار SPSS16 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: همه 48 سؤال مربوط به پرسشنامه تئوری رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده دارای روایی محتوایی خیلی خوب (79/0 تا 99/0) بود. شاخص ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (82/0 تا 91/0) و ضریب همبستگی درون رده‌ای به ترتیب برابر با 88/0 و 84/0 گزارش شد. نتيجه­ گيري: پرسشنامه رفتار پیشگیرانه از عوارض میکروبی و اشعه گوشی تلفن همراه بر اساس تئوری رفتار برنامه­ریزی شده دارای روایی و پایایی خیلی خوب است و قابلیت بکارگیری در فعالیت­های پژوهشی را دارد.Background and Aim: Today, mobile phones are one of the cultural components of the young and adolescents. Mobile phones emit a kind of beam called electromagnetic field in the air, which consists of electric and magnetic waves. The purpose of this study was therefore to design and evaluate the validity and reliability of a Preventive Behavior Questionnaire of Mobile Phone usage consequences on female students of Baghmalek County. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 50 female high school students (16 to 18 years old) in Baghmalek metropolitan area. The study included both experimental and control groups through random sampling. The samples were evaluated in three stages using a researcher-made questionnaire. The training was provided in the form of individual counseling with the help of a pamphlet training aid. All stages of the present study were conducted according to ethical standards. Students were assured that the information is confidential. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: All 48 questions related to the theory of planned behavior questionnaire had very good content validity (0.79 to 0.99). Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient were 0.88 and 0.84, respectively. Conclusion: The Preventive Behavior Questionnaire for mobile phone usage based on the Theory of Planned Behavior showed very good validity and reliability and can be used in research activities

Investigating of Moral Distress and Attitude to Euthanasia in the Intensive Care Unit Nurses

Background: Considering the religious and legal structures in Iran, the occurrence of euthanasia seems to be impossible; however, the attitude of nurses towards euthanasia and its related factors may also affect creating moral distress conditions for nurses. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate of the moral distress and attitude of Adult and Neonatal Intensive Care Units (AICU/ NICU) nurses toward euthanasia. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, all the nurses working in intensive care units of Educational Hospitals affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (Ahvaz city, Iran) were selected by census. Data were collected using Corley's Moral Distress Scale and Holloway’s Euthanasia Attitude Scale. Single-variable and multivariate linear regression tests were used to analyze the data and to determine the relationships between independent and dependent variables. Analyses were done using SPSS software (version 22).Results: The attitude of all nurses towards euthanasia was negative (min score=20, max score=73, mean score= 43.78±7.99). The mean Moral distress frequency and Moral distress intensify were 47.01±12.90 and 48.42±11.62, respectively (indicates moderate ethical distress). In AICU nurses, there was a significant relationship between the frequency of moral distress and the nurses’ attitudes. However, there was no significant relationship between the intensity of moral distress and the nurses’ attitudes. In NICU nurses, there was no significant relationship between the frequency of moral distress and intensity of moral distress with nurses’ attitude toward euthanasia. Conclusion: The religious and cultural conditions of the country have caused all nurses did not consider euthanasia to be acceptable under any circumstances. Further studies are needed to better understand the attitude of nurses towards euthanasia, especially with regard to the culture of Iranian society