Compressive strength of eco-processed Pozzolan concrete under Chloride and Sulphate exposure

Sulphate and chloride attacks on concrete are the notable issues in the field of durable concrete structures. Therefore, this study focused on the influence of Eco Process Pozzolan (EPP) ash on the strength performances of concrete exposed to sulphate and chloride environment. In this study the Ordinary Portland cement was partially replace with 10%, 20% and 30% of Eco process pozzolan ash by weight of cement and water to binder ratio of 0.45 was used in all concrete mixes. Eco process pozzolan is a solid waste generated from Spent bleaching earth after process of residual oil extraction was done. After demoulding samples were immersed in water for the curing period of 28 days. Afterwards, specimens were shifted in 3.5% Sodium chloride (NaCl) and 3.0% Sodium sulphate (Na2So4) solutions for additional curing periods of 7, 14 and 28 days. The short term effects of sulphate and chloride on the concrete were evaluated in terms of change in weight and variation in compressive strength. It was observed that the addition of EPP in concrete gives the lower loss of strength compared to the control mix when immersed in Sodium chloride and Sulphate chloride at the exposure period of 28 days. While, 10% of EPP has the lowest loss of strength compare to the other mix with EPP. This study suggests that 10% of EPP as supplementary cementitious material in concrete can reduce the negative effects of sulphate and chloride salts. The outcome of this study indicated that application of EPP as supplementary cementitious material in concrete increases the resistance against aggressive environment

A Review of Advances in Peat Soil Stabilisation Technology: Exploring the Potential of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Geopolymer as a Soil Stabiliser Material

This study aims to highlight the latest developments in the field of peat soil stabilisation technology via chemical stabilisation. The review examines the use of traditional stabilisers such as OPC and various non-traditional stabiliser materials, i.e., Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)-OPC blends, chemical solutions, and geopolymer materials, to enhance the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) characteristics of peat soils based on the ASTM D 4609 requirements. OPC, POFA-OPC blends, and alkaline solutions mostly produced stabilised soil samples that fell short of the ASTM requirements. Existing studies on the use of waste-derived geopolymers to treat peat soils are limited, while the use of POFA geopolymer materials has mostly focused on the improvement of clayey and silty soils. The results of soil stabilisation with geopolymer were very encouraging, as the strength gains were in line with the ASTM soil strength requirements. As a result of this review, it can be concluded that POFA geopolymer is a viable soil stabiliser material with the addition of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, and that the use of POFA-GGBFS geopolymer to enhance the strength properties of peat soils should be investigated. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-017 Full Text: PD

A review on the effect of crumb rubber in civil engineering applications

The increasing amount of tyre waste seen each year, which corresponds to growth in vehicle demand and usage around the world. The subject of tire waste disposal has been a hot topic among researchers due to the growing amount of waste production each year, the negative influence on the environment, and the potential solutions to these issues. Because of the complexity of the structure, content, and quality of the rubber, disposing of discarded tyres is difficult. Researchers have recently become interested in crumb rubber, which is a product regenerated from tire waste after undergoing a separation process, because of its potential as a raw material in the development of construction materials that may be used to replace natural resources. Crumb rubber, depending on its quality and category, can be utilised in a variety of civil engineering projects to help make them more cost-effective and long-lasting. Further study and development of crumb rubber processing and application methods may enhance tyre waste recycling rates and, as a result, reduce environmental difficulties associated with tire waste landfilling. The primary goal of this research is to review existing crumb rubber research, particularly in terms of characteristics, processing methods, and rates of application in the construction industry. This study could serve to encourage and promote the widespread usage of crumb rubber in civil engineering projects

A review on the effect of crumb rubber in civil engineering applications

The increasing amount of tyre waste seen each year, which corresponds to growth in vehicle demand and usage around the world. The subject of tire waste disposal has been a hot topic among researchers due to the growing amount of waste production each year, the negative influence on the environment, and the potential solutions to these issues. Because of the complexity of the structure, content, and quality of the rubber, disposing of discarded tyres is difficult. Researchers have recently become interested in crumb rubber, which is a product regenerated from tire waste after undergoing a separation process, because of its potential as a raw material in the development of construction materials that may be used to replace natural resources. Crumb rubber, depending on its quality and category, can be utilised in a variety of civil engineering projects to help make them more cost-effective and long-lasting. Further study and development of crumb rubber processing and application methods may enhance tyre waste recycling rates and, as a result, reduce environmental difficulties associated with tire waste landfilling. The primary goal of this research is to review existing crumb rubber research, particularly in terms of characteristics, processing methods, and rates of application in the construction industry. This study could serve to encourage and promote the widespread usage of crumb rubber in civil engineering projects

The Performance of Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Suppressing the Alkali Silica Reaction in Mortar Bar

This study evaluates the effect of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) on the alkali silica reaction (ASR) of mortar. To study the effectiveness of ultrafine POFA in suppressing the ASR, four different sizes of POFA were used in this study: the unground (UG), medium (MP), fine (FP), and ultrafine size (UF). Characterization of POFA was done to investigate their particle size, fineness, specific gravity, chemical composition, loss on ignition (LOI), and morphology. Initially, the pessimum effect of the sandstone aggregate was determined by blending 5, 15, 50, 75, and 100% of sandstone aggregates with the granite. POFA was then introduced as cement replacement at 0 - 40% by weight of binder. To investigate the effect of ultrafine POFA on ASR, ASTM C1260 and ASTM C1567 were adopted. The strength activity index was also determined to study the pozzolanic effect of the ultrafine POFA. Results show that the ultrafine POFA significantly increase the pozzolanic reactivity of mortar. At 14-days of testing, ultrafine POFA shows higher resistance against the alkali silica reaction (ASR) attack compared to coarser POFA. Higher level of replacement is required for coarser POFA to resist ASR attack in the mortar bar

Effects of Aggressive Ammonium Nitrate on Durability Properties of Concrete using Sandstone and Granite Aggregates

The storage of chemical fertilizers in concrete building often leads to durability problems due to chemical attack. The damage of concrete is mostly caused by certain ammonium salts. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the durability properties of concrete being exposed to ammonium nitrate solution. In this investigation, experiments are conducted on concrete type G50 and G60. The leaching process is achieved by the use of 20% concentration solution of ammonium nitrate. The durability properties investigated are water absorption, volume of permeable voids, and sorptivity. Compressive strength, pH value, and degradation depth are measured after a certain period of leaching. A decrease in compressive strength and an increase in porosity are found through the conducted experiments. Apart from that, the experimental data shows that pH value decreases with increased leaching time while the degradation depth of concrete increases with leaching time. By comparing concrete type G50 and G60, concrete type G60 is more resistant to ammonium nitrate attack

A review of advances in peat soil stabilisation technology: Exploring the potential of palm oil fuel ash geopolymer as a soil stabiliser material

This study aims to highlight the latest developments in the field of peat soil stabilisation technology via chemical stabilisation. The review examines the use of traditional stabilisers such as OPC and various non-traditional stabiliser materials, i.e., Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)-OPC blends, chemical solutions, and geopolymer materials, to enhance the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) characteristics of peat soils based on the ASTM D 4609 requirements. OPC, POFA-OPC blends, and alkaline solutions mostly produced stabilised soil samples that fell short of the ASTM requirements. Existing studies on the use of waste-derived geopolymers to treat peat soils are limited, while the use of POFA geopolymer materials has mostly focused on the improvement of clayey and silty soils. The results of soil stabilisation with geopolymer were very encouraging, as the strength gains were in line with the ASTM soil strength requirements. As a result of this review, it can be concluded that POFA geopolymer is a viable soil stabiliser material with the addition of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, and that the use of POFA-GGBFS geopolymer to enhance the strength properties of peat soils should be investigated

Review on the effect of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) on concrete

Previous studies show that the addition of admixtures to the concrete or mortar has given a positive result which lead to the increasing of engineering properties especially in strength. The different sizes of admixture added to the concrete also give another positive result. The more fines of the admixture sizes, more benefits the concrete will have. This paper review on the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a new pozzolan in the construction industry. The fineness of the admixture was compared to the fineness of the cement. Different past researcher use different method for the grinding process to get the admixture size which finer than cement size particles. Previous study done by the past researcher revealed that the higher fineness of the POFA has given a good result to the strength. It can be concluded that the fineness of POFA give good effects to the properties of the concrete or mortar

A Simple Modelling of Green Roof Hydrological Performance Using Response Surface Methodology

Response Surface Methodology is an optimization tool used for modelling works and has been widely used for modelling, optimizing,and identifying the interrelationship between input parameters and output variables. However, it has yet to be discovered as a tool for modelling green roof performance. This paper aims to explore the feasibility of Response Surface Methodology in Minitab to investigate the green roof hydrological performance in terms of peak runoff, peak attenuation,and water retention. In this study, Response Surface Methodology is used to identify model equations to predict hydrological performance of green roof, as well as to investigate the relationship between green roof slope, water absorption of waste material and water absorption of natural fibre on the hydrological performance of green roof system. The findings showed that the generated mathematical model equations can forecast the peak runoff, peak attenuation, and water retention of a green roof system. The results of the relationship between the input parameters and the output variables are shown using 2D contour plot and surface plot. The generated 2D contour plot and surface plot revealed that the input parameters have significant impact on the peak runoff, peak attenuation, and water retention of a green roof system

Maximizing volume of Spent Bleaching Earth Ash (SBEA) pozzolan used as cement replacement in mortar through mechanical activation

Spent bleaching earth ash (SBEA) is harmful waste from the oil refining industry that has previously exhibited pozzolanic properties and potential for use as cement replacement. Conventional pozzolanic replacements in cements are typically limited to 30 % only as excessive amounts have detrimental on cement strength. This research aimed to investigate the feasibility of increasing the level of replacement past 30 % through mechanical activation. Preliminary investigations revealed that SBEA contains sufficient silica and alumina oxides to be classified as Class N pozzolan in accordance with ASTM C618. As expected with pozzolans, the use of SBEA in cement mortar improved the 28 and 56-day compressive strengths up to 30 % substitution but at the same time also increased the water requirement. Mechanical activation was able to improve the level of substitution to 50 % through a mix of increasing pozzolanic reactivity of SBEA as well as increasing the specific surface area of its particles