Антропология повседневности: трансформации поведения людей в условиях технологических и социальных перемен

Original manuscript received September 15, 2020. Revised manuscript accepted October 01, 2020. First published online February 08, 2021.The article uses an approach of romantic psychology developed by Alexander Luria to reflect on the changes in education and everyday consciousness as a result of technological and social-historical transformations of the way of life. It focuses on the fact that the pandemic has become a catalyst for the emergence of blended education. The article discusses the role of cultural-historical psychology in the elaboration of variable education as an expansion of opportunities for personality development. Reasons for repressions of psychological science in totalitarian systems that suppress various manifestations of social and psychological diversity are interpreted.В статье с позиций романтической психологии Александра Лурия анализируются изменения образования и обыденного сознания, возникающие в условиях технологических и социально-исторических трансформаций образа жизни. Акцентируется внимание на том, что пандемия стала катализатором появления «смешанного образования». Обсуждается роль культурно-исторической психологии в проектировании вариативного образования как расширения возможностей развития личности. Интерпретируются причины репрессий психологической науки в тоталитарных системах

Normal solutions of the Boltzmann equation for highly nonequilibrium Fourier flow and Couette flow

The state of a single-species monatomic gas from near-equilibrium to highly nonequilibrium conditions is investigated using analytical and numerical methods. Normal solutions of the Boltzmann equation for Fourier flow (uniform heat flux) and Couette flow (uniform shear stress) are found in terms of the heat-flux and shear-stress Knudsen numbers. Analytical solutions are found for inverse-power-law molecules from hard-sphere through Maxwell at small Knudsen numbers using Chapman-Enskog (CE) theory and for Maxwell molecules at finite Knudsen numbers using a moment-hierarchy (MH) method. Corresponding numerical solutions are obtained using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method of Bird. The thermal conductivity, the viscosity, and the Sonine-polynomial coefficients of the velocity distribution function from DSMC agree with CE results at small Knudsen numbers and with MH results at finite Knudsen numbers. Subtle differences between inverse-power-law, variable-soft-sphere, and variable-hard-sphere representations of Maxwell molecules are observed. The MH and DSMC results both indicate that the effective thermal conductivity and the effective viscosity for Maxwell molecules are independent of the heat-flux Knudsen number, and additional DSMC simulations indicate that these transport properties for hard-sphere molecules decrease slightly as the heat-flux Knudsen number is increased. Similarly, the MH and DSMC results indicate that the effective thermal conductivity and the effective viscosity for Maxwell molecules decrease as the shear-stress Knudsen number is increased, and additional DSMC simulations indicate the same behavior for hard-sphere molecules. These results provide strong evidence that the DSMC method can be used to determine the state of a gas under highly nonequilibrium conditionsComment: 33 pages (preprint format) + 15 figures + 3 tables; to be published in Physics of Fluids; v2: Abstract in the abstract web page has been corrected, but otherwise the paper remains the same as in v

Non-Newtonian Couette-Poiseuille flow of a dilute gas

The steady state of a dilute gas enclosed between two infinite parallel plates in relative motion and under the action of a uniform body force parallel to the plates is considered. The Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model kinetic equation is analytically solved for this Couette-Poiseuille flow to first order in the force and for arbitrary values of the Knudsen number associated with the shear rate. This allows us to investigate the influence of the external force on the non-Newtonian properties of the Couette flow. Moreover, the Couette-Poiseuille flow is analyzed when the shear-rate Knudsen number and the scaled force are of the same order and terms up to second order are retained. In this way, the transition from the bimodal temperature profile characteristic of the pure force-driven Poiseuille flow to the parabolic profile characteristic of the pure Couette flow through several intermediate stages in the Couette-Poiseuille flow are described. A critical comparison with the Navier-Stokes solution of the problem is carried out.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures; v2: discussion on boundary conditions added; 10 additional references. Published in a special issue of the journal "Kinetic and Related Models" dedicated to the memory of Carlo Cercignan

Lattice Boltzmann simulations of soft matter systems

This article concerns numerical simulations of the dynamics of particles immersed in a continuum solvent. As prototypical systems, we consider colloidal dispersions of spherical particles and solutions of uncharged polymers. After a brief explanation of the concept of hydrodynamic interactions, we give a general overview over the various simulation methods that have been developed to cope with the resulting computational problems. We then focus on the approach we have developed, which couples a system of particles to a lattice Boltzmann model representing the solvent degrees of freedom. The standard D3Q19 lattice Boltzmann model is derived and explained in depth, followed by a detailed discussion of complementary methods for the coupling of solvent and solute. Colloidal dispersions are best described in terms of extended particles with appropriate boundary conditions at the surfaces, while particles with internal degrees of freedom are easier to simulate as an arrangement of mass points with frictional coupling to the solvent. In both cases, particular care has been taken to simulate thermal fluctuations in a consistent way. The usefulness of this methodology is illustrated by studies from our own research, where the dynamics of colloidal and polymeric systems has been investigated in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium situations.Comment: Review article, submitted to Advances in Polymer Science. 16 figures, 76 page

Crowdsourcing: A new tool for policy-making?

Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policy-making, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policy-making, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing. Keywords: Crowdsourcing, Public Policy, Policy Instrument, Policy Tool, Policy Process, Policy Cycle, Open Collaboration, Virtual Labour Markets, Tournaments, Competition

VARIATIVE EDUCATION IN THE CHANGING WORLD: SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT

<p>The paper reflects the ideas of the author (one of the new educational standard developers) concerning the prospects of primary school evolution, published in the Educational Policy journal in 2011, being still relevant due to the introduction of the Federal Act on Education from September 1, 2013.</p><p>In author's opinion, a successful accomplishment and implementation of the given act and standards can be achieved through careful explanation of their content and essence to the interested people, and justification of the related benefit for the society and teachers alike. The alteration of educational concepts is regarded as a challenging task, education being the most conservative sphere of human activity. As a solution to the primary school problem, the paper emphasizes several referent points including teachers' motivation, strengthening and updating of their professional skills and knowledge, etc. The primary school appears to be the most important basis for children’s personal socialization. And therefore, it should transform into the school of understanding, cultural dialog, game and project didactics, variant education, and foundation for the universal learning activities and value formation. The primary school should teach productive cooperation with adults and advanced peers, help in solving complicated life tasks, and raise children’s confidence in personal strength and capability. </p