mtDNA Analyses of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in the Algerian samples.

<p>*** P<0.0001; ns: not significant</p><p>North = Algiers, Oran (both)</p><p>South = Mozabite, Reguibate, Zenata</p><p>Arabs = Reguibate, Algiers, Oran1, Oran2</p><p>Berbers = Zenata, Mozabite</p><p>^# Arabs without the Reguibate</p><p>mtDNA Analyses of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in the Algerian samples.</p

Y chromosome Analyses of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in the Algerian samples.

<p>*** P<0.0001</p><p>* P<0.05; ns: not significant</p><p>North = Algiers, Oran, Tizi Ouzou</p><p>South = Mozabite, Reguibate, Zenata</p><p>Arabs = Reguibate, Algiers, Oran</p><p>Berbers = Zenata, Mozabite, Tizi Ouzou</p><p>^# Arabs without the Reguibate</p><p>Y chromosome Analyses of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in the Algerian samples.</p

Bidimensional plots based on uniparental genomes.

<p>PC analyses based on haplogroup data for Y-chromosome and mtDNA; and MDS analyses based on Y-STR haplotype data and on mtDNA sequence data. Abbreviations: ALG/ALG1: Algiers (this study), ALG2: Algiers (Y-chromosome; [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453#pone.0138453.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>]), ORN1: Oran (present study), ORN2: Oran (Y-chromosome, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453#pone.0138453.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>]; mtDNA, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453#pone.0138453.ref017" target="_blank">17</a>]), RGB: Reguibate, ZNT: Zenata, MZB: Mozabite, TZO: Tizi Ouzou</p

Correlation plots of the ancestry proportions at k = 4 in the ADMIXTURE analysis comparing autosomes and X-chromosome SNPs.

<p>North African, sub-Saharan, Middle Eastern, and European ancestry proportions are shown in different plots. Solid black lines represent linear correlations between autosomal and X-chromosome components.</p

Plots for the analysis of genome-wide SNPs.

<p>PC analysis (upper figures) based on autosomal data, and X-chromosome SNPs. ADMIXTURE proportions (bottom figures) at k = 2,3, and 4 based on autosomal data and X-chromosome SNPs. Algeria, stands for general Algerian sample [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453#pone.0138453.ref003" target="_blank">3</a>]; Mozabite, stands for the Algerian Berber Mozabites [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453#pone.0138453.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>]; and Zenata, stands for Algerian Berber Zenata (present study).</p

Geographic location of the Algerian samples genotyped in the present study (in red) and the samples obtained from the literature (in yellow).

<p>Geographic location of the Algerian samples genotyped in the present study (in red) and the samples obtained from the literature (in yellow).</p

Geographic components (%) considered in Y-chromosome and mtDNA lineages.

1<p>IP = Iberian Peninsula; FRC = France+Corsica; ISS = Italy+Sardinia+Sicily; BAL = Balkans+Creta; SAM = Sahara+Mauritania; MOR = Morocco; ALG = Algeria; TUN = Tunisia; TuAn = Tunisian Andalusians; LIB = Libya; EGY = Egypt; CAU = Caucasus; TUR = Turkey; LEQ = Levant (Jordan; Syria; Palestine; Lebanon; Druze)+Iraq; IRN+Kurds = Iran; ARP = Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia; Oman; Yemen; United Arab Emirates; Qatar; Dubai; Kuwait).</p>2<p>EA = East Africa; EU = Europe; ME = Middle East; NA = North Africa; WA = West Africa.</p>3<p>Haplogroup assigned to each geographic component are detailed in Supplementary <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056775#pone.0056775.s009" target="_blank">Table S9</a>.</p

Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape

<div><p>North Africa is considered a distinct geographic and ethnic entity within Africa. Although modern humans originated in this Continent, studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome genealogical markers provide evidence that the North African gene pool has been shaped by the back-migration of several Eurasian lineages in Paleolithic and Neolithic times. More recent influences from sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Europe are also evident. The presence of East-West and North-South haplogroup frequency gradients strongly reinforces the genetic complexity of this region. However, this genetic scenario is beset with a notable gap, which is the lack of consistent information for Algeria, the largest country in the Maghreb. To fill this gap, we analyzed a sample of 240 unrelated subjects from a northwest Algeria cosmopolitan population using mtDNA sequences and Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphisms, focusing on the fine dissection of haplogroups E and R, which are the most prevalent in North Africa and Europe respectively. The Eurasian component in Algeria reached 80% for mtDNA and 90% for Y-chromosome. However, within them, the North African genetic component for mtDNA (U6 and M1; 20%) is significantly smaller than the paternal (E-M81 and E-V65; 70%). The unexpected presence of the European-derived Y-chromosome lineages R-M412, R-S116, R-U152 and R-M529 in Algeria and the rest of the Maghreb could be the counterparts of the mtDNA H1, H3 and V subgroups, pointing to direct maritime contacts between the European and North African sides of the western Mediterranean. Female influx of sub-Saharan Africans into Algeria (20%) is also significantly greater than the male (10%). In spite of these sexual asymmetries, the Algerian uniparental profiles faithfully correlate between each other and with the geography.</p> </div

Reduced median network relating HVS-1 sequences of subhaplogroup M1.

<p>The central motif (haplotype HT1) differs from rCRS <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056775#pone.0056775-Anderson1" target="_blank">[90]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056775#pone.0056775-Andrews1" target="_blank">[91]</a> at position 16129 16189 16223 16249 16311. Population codes as in Supplementary <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056775#pone.0056775.s002" target="_blank">Table S2</a>. Numbers along links refer to nucleotide positions minus 16000; suffix indicates a transversion. Black circles correspond to haplotypes observed in Algeria, whereas grey triangles pentagons correspond to lineages found in Egypt. Haplotype observed both in Algeria and Egypt are indicated using a black triangle. Grey circles indicate haplotypes observed in other geographical regions. Size of boxes is proportional to the number of individuals included. HT1 = 13 ALG, 17 ARP, 2 BAL, 8 EGY, 5 IP, 5 ISS, 2 LIB, 18 MOR, 13 TUN, TuAn; HT2 = 6 ALG, ARP, BAL, IRN, LEQ, 2 LIB, 3 MOR, SAM, 2 TUN; HT3 = 2 ALG, ARP, LEQ, 2 MOR; HT4 = 3 ALG, 2 EGY, 3 IP, 2MOR; HT5 = 14 ARP, 3 BAL, 3 CAU, 10 EGY, 4 IP, IRN, 7 ISS, 4 LEQ, 2 LIB, 6 MOR; HT6 = ARP, 16 EGY.</p

Simplified phylogenetic trees for Y-chromosome sub-haplogroups.

<p>A) E-M78 and B) M-R343.</p