Walking Together for Freedom

Table of Contents: Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies, University of San Diego Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice – p. 3Joan B. Kroc Distinguished Lecture Series – p. 4Biography of Asma Jahangir – p. 7Interview with Dee Aker, PhD, and Bahar Davary, PhD – p. 8Meeting with Students – p. 17Welcome to Lecture – Neela Tschirgi, PhD – p. 28Introduction of Speaker – Edward C. Luck, PhD – p. 29Lecture – Walking Together for Freedom – p. 31Questions and Answers – p. 42Related Resources – p. 47https://digital.sandiego.edu/lecture_series/1029/thumbnail.jp

Financial Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Broiler Farming in a Selected Area of Bangladesh

The present study was undertaken to investigate the socio-economic characteristics of the broiler farmers, to estimate the costs, returns and profitability of broiler enterprise and to determine the contribution of the key variables to the production of broiler farms in some selected locations of Dhaka district, Bangladesh. It was mainly done on primary data which were collected through face to face interview from the respondents of broiler production in 2014. 80 broiler farm owners were selected by using simple sample randomly technique.  Both tabular and econometric techniques were used to find out the results. The results of the analysis showed that on average total cost of broilers per farm per year was Tk. 301142.103. It was found that the variable cost per farm per year stood at Tk. 238728.73 which accounted for 79.28 percent of total cost. The total fixed cost per farm per year accounted to Tk. 62413.373. The net return over total cost per farm per year was calculated at Tk. 130257.90. The benefit cost ratios of broiler farming were 1.80 on variable cost basis and 1.43 on total cost basis. The functional analysis indicated that most of the selected variables had significant impact on the production of broiler farms. This study also identified some economic, marketing, technical, social and natural problems in broiler production. Finally, on the basis of findings of this study, some recommendations were made for the development of broiler farming in Bangladesh

Oral Health Status and Attitude of Patients towards Dental Extraction in Karachi

Background: Oral health is considered the most important factor in determining general health of an individual, since it reflects the condition of the whole body. This study was outlined to demonstrate the oral health status and attitude of patients toward tooth extraction in case of non-affordability. Methods: A total of 350 dental patients who came to OPDs for dental extraction were included in this study. Dentist carrying out extraction were asked to fill a self-explanatory questionnaire having patient as the subject. Data tabulation and analysis was completed using SPSS software version 22. Odds ratios, Chi square test, p-value are used to determine oral health status and attitude of patients regarding extraction of teeth. Results: There were 193(55%) female and 157(45%) male patients in the study. Age of the respondents varied from 20 to 65 with a mean of 40.01±12.67. In addition, 202(57.7%) subjects were unemployed and 148(42.3%) were employed. In present study, teeth were found missing mainly in the age range 20-30. Among all teeth, First molar was the most commonly extracted tooth i.e. 109(31.1%). This indicated that patients wanted to save their teeth. They were willing to pay anything to save tooth in which 137(67.8%) were unemployed while 95 (64.1%) were employed. Conclusion: Oral health status of the patients who came to OPD for dental extraction was found poor 150(42.9%). Since, patients were suffering from dental caries and periodontal disease. As far as the attitude of patients is concerned regarding tooth extraction, more employed (45.3%) individuals were interested in saving their tooth than unemployed people

Resistance Pattern of Levofloxacin against Uropathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Selected Areas of Dhaka city, Bangladesh

A crucial public health problem in developing country like Bangladesh is resistance of antibiotics to different types of bacteria and the rates of these bacterial resistances are changing for various antibiotic therapy. Our aim was to assess the susceptible pattern of Levofloxacin a 3rd generation Quinolone antibiotic against uropathogens. A total of 12943 urine samples were collected in 2016 (Jan-Dec) and out of which 1236 (9.55%) were bacteriologically positive. Among the isolated uropathogens, 95.1% were gram negative and 4.9% gram positive organism. Male were found more prone to get UTI under 10 years and between 51-90 years of age and female were more affected in 10 to 50 years and over 90 years of age group. E. coli was the most prevalent (83.9%) isolate followed by Klebsiella spp. (6.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (2.6%), Pseudomonas spp. (2.2%), Enterococcus spp. (2.0%) and Proteus spp. (1.1%). The most predominant Levofloxacin sensitive organisms were found in male Enterobacter spp. (100%) and in female patients Serretia spp. (100%), Citrobacter spp. (100%) and Streptococcus Group B (100%). On the other hand the most predominant Levofloxacin resistant organisms were found in male and female both Acinetobacter spp. (100%). Around (61.7%) male and (46.9%) female were found resistant to E. coli. Keywords: Levofloxacin, Quinolone, UTI, Resistance, Uropathogen

Study protocol: analysis of regional lung health policies and stakeholders in Africa

Background Lung health is a critical area for research in sub-Saharan Africa. The International Multidisciplinary Programme to Address Lung Health and TB in Africa (IMPALA) is a collaborative programme that seeks to fill evidence gaps to address high-burden lung health issues in Africa. In order to generate demand for and facilitate use of IMPALA research by policy-makers and other decision-makers at the regional level, an analysis of regional lung health policies and stakeholders will be undertaken to inform a programmatic strategy for policy engagement. Methods and analysis This analysis will be conducted in three phases. The first phase will be a rapid desk review of regional lung health policies and stakeholders that seeks to understand the regional lung health policy landscape, which issues are prioritised in existing regional policy, key regional actors, and opportunities for engagement with key stakeholders. The second phase will be a rapid desk review of the scientific literature, expanding on the work in the first phase by looking at the external factors that influence regional lung health policy, the ways in which regional bodies influence policy at the national level, investments in lung health, structures for discussion and advocacy, and the role of evidence at the regional level. The third phase will involve a survey of IMPALA partners and researchers as well as interviews with key regional stakeholders to further shed light on regional policies, including policy priorities and gaps, policy implementation status and challenges, stakeholders, and platforms for engagement and promoting uptake of evidence. Discussion Health policy analysis provides insights into power dynamics and the political nature of the prioritisation of health issues, which are often overlooked. In order to ensure the uptake of new knowledge and evidence generated by IMPALA, it is important to consider these complex factors

Problems in Early Identification of Children with Hearing Loss: A Narrative Review of Research

Early identification of hearing loss in children is crucial for their cognitive and linguistic development. So, the major objectives of this research were to identify the common practices, problems and challenges in early identification of children with hearing loss discussed in various studies. The research design was qualitative and narrative review was conducted to explore the challenges associated with the early detection of hearing loss in children. The study involved a comprehensive search of academic databases, medical journals, and credible sources to collect relevant studies focusing on the obstacles and limitations in identifying hearing loss at an early stage. After the literature search, the selected studies were critically evaluated. Key information was extracted from each study to identify common themes and patterns related to the challenges in early detection. Results highlighted the regional variations in the causes of hearing loss, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and screening programs in different parts of the country. Consanguinity, particularly first cousin marriages, emerged as a significant risk factor for childhood deafness in Pakistan. The prevalence of parental consanguinity was found to be high in certain regions, contributing to the increased risk of congenital hearing impairment in children. However, beyond consanguinity, other factors such as infectious diseases, genetic factors, and environmental influences can also lead to hearing loss in children.  To overcome these challenges, several key recommendations can be proposed. Implementing universal newborn hearing screening programs is crucial to identify hearing impairment in infants before critical language and communication development stages. This requires collaboration between healthcare providers, policymakers, and advocacy organizations to ensure equitable access to screening services across all regions

A RETROSPECTIVE CASE SERIES TO ASSESS THE OCCURRENCE OF PENETRATING CARDIAC TRAUMATIC CASES (GUNSHOT AND STAB INJURIES)

All around the world, mostly the young males are influenced by the penetrating cardiac chock. It is a medical emergency. The patients suffering with penetrating cardiac trauma and admitted at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore in the timeframe of October 2017 to June 2018 were mentioned in this research study. These patients were suffering from injuries related to heart. Gunshot wounds followed by stab injuries was the usual procedure of injury. Ten cases were related to this trauma. All of these cases were males with age limit between 17-48 years. 7.23+- 0.855 was the mean revised trauma score. The mortality rate was 20%, out of 10 cases 2 was died. The usual region of wound was the right ventricle followed by left ventricle. In the treatment of these patients, the surgical methods followed was Median Sternotomy. The common finding during the surgery were Haemothorax and Pericardial tamponade. Through involvement of surgery in time, those patients were saved, suffering with penetrating cardiac injury and having observable indication of life. Keywords: Cardiac Trauma, Stab Wound, Median Sternotomy