Problems and Prospects of Urban Environmental Management in Pakistan

Discussions on environmental conditions often assume that urbanisation contributes to the degradation of the environment. However, urbanisation per se is not detrimental to the environment. Concentrations of population and economic activities through urbanisation offer opportunities in providing environmental infrastructure and health services costeffectively, because of economies of scale. It also provides opportunities to effectively internalise environmental costs; because concentration of economic activities reduces user charges and costs of tax collection, enforcement, and wastes management, which are essential to environmental protection. Nevertheless, while providing opportunities the process of urbanisation also generates environmental pressures. A nation that is unable to utilise the opportunities and alleviate the pressures through integrated environmental, economic and physical planning finds that mismanaged urbanisation can pose enormous environmental and economic problems that become increasingly difficult to solve with time. Unfortunately, Pakistan is one of the countries which have not managed the process of urbanisation effectively. This paper, after tracing the urbanisation trends in Pakistan, discusses the existing and emerging environmental impacts and risks. The country is at the stage of risk transition where modern risks caused by industrial and traffic pollution, such as chemicals, heavy metals and noise, combine with the traditional risks such as bacteriological and parasitic infections caused by inadequate infrastructure facilities particularly water supply and sanitation. The paper also analyses the responses to urban environmental problems in terms of approaches to sustainable urban development. Finally, it outlines the holistic policy directions to environmentally sound and sustainable urban development, including institutional, regulatory, economic and participatory measures.

Bubble Rise Phenomena Through Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Fluids

The characteristics of bubble rise phenomenon in three liquids were investigated and are reported here. The experimental rig consists of two transparent cylindrical columns – one a polycarbonate tube of 125 mm diameter and the other an acrylic tube of 400 mm diameter. The rig also consists of a lifting device designed to hold a video camera for taking bubble images. Water and two non-Newtonian fluids (0.025% and 0.045% by weight of polyacrylamide solutions) were used in this study. The smaller polycarbonate tube was used to study the velocity and the drag coefficient under vacuum. The bigger acrylic tube was used to study the influence of the size of bubbles

Energy-aware peering routing protocol for indoor hospital body area network communication

The recent research in Body Area Networks (BAN) is focused on making its communication more reliable, energy efficient, secure, and to better utilize system resources. In this paper we propose a novel BAN network architecture for indoor hospital environments, and a new mechanism of peer discovery with routing table construction that helps to reduce network traffic load, energy consumption, and improves BAN reliability. We have performed extensive simulations in the Castalia simulation environment to show that our proposed protocol has better performance in terms of reduced BAN traffic load, increased number of successful packets received by nodes, reduced number of packets forwarded by intermediate nodes, and overall lower energy consumption compared to other protocols

Measuring Sustainability - UK wealth accounts for 25 years

What is sustainability and how do we measure it? Sustainability could be achieved through sustainable development and much of the literature on sustainable development has taken human well-being to be the object to be sustained. By constructing a very large and extensive National Accounts consistent database, this study develops an original set of UK wealth accounts for 25 years – 1988 to 2012 – to measure UK sustainability. While doing so, this research calculates the monetary value of UK natural capital and human capital which is then added into produced capital to develop a first comprehensive wealth account for the UK. This thesis argues that both wealth accounting approaches - "top-down" and "bottom-up" - are conceptually the same. They only differ empirically because of the methodologies employed to calculate natural capital, human capital and total wealth. This thesis shows how these both approaches can be combined together to measure UK sustainability. This study concludes that since 2007 UK is not on a sustainable path. Despite a positive genuine savings, since 2007 UK wealth has a negative growth rate and wealth per capita is in decline. A positive genuine savings with a fall in wealth per capita shows that UK savings has not been sufficient to compensate for a fall in wealth and population growth. In order to reverse the trend, either UK has to reduce its population growth or it needs to reinvest in its capital asset bases. This thesis argues that an increase in population does not always decrease per capita wealth because an increase in population driven by a skilled work force increases the value of human capital and thus total wealth. This increase in wealth could offset an increase in population keeping per capita wealth intact. Furthermore, for UK, which is not a resource rich country, investment in human capital is needed to increase the rate of wealth growth

MANAGEMENT OF BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVEL OF OBESE MALE COLLEGE STUDENTS OF DISTRICT BUDGAM, JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA BY SOME YOGASANA AND SOME SELECTED EXERCISE WITH DIET REGULATIONS

In the present study, an attempt has been made to find out the management of blood cholesterol level of obese male college students by some yogasana and some selected exercises with diet regulations. Randomly selected 40 obese college students were divided into four groups consisting of 10 subjects each. Experiment group I underwent yogic practice with diet regulation, experiment group II underwent exercise (Aerobics) with diet regulation, Experiment group III underwent combined exercise with diet regulations and controlled was not subjected to any experiment. Before the treatment, the subjects were tested of their blood cholesterol level, total cholesterol (TC), low Density Lipoproteins, (LDH), High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) which formed pre test scores. And after the experiment period of 10 weeks, the subjects were again assured of their cholesterol level which formed the final score. Experiment protocol significantly altered cholesterol levels, total cholesterol, low Density Lipoproteins, High Density Lipoproteins. As the obtained f values were on adjusted mean 164.90, 124.48 and 10.68 were greater than the required F table value to be significant at 0.05 level. Comparison among treatment groups showed that yogasana with diet regulation and combined groups with diet regulations were better than exercise (aerobics) with diet regulation in reducing total cholesterol and low density lipoproteins. As for high density lipoproteins, the result proved that the combined group was better than other two treatment group in increasing high density lipoprotein. Finding of this study was further proved that while combining yogasana and exercise with diet regulations significantly contributes to alter protocol of college male students. It was concluded that the combined protocol namely exercises, yogic practice with diet regulations was found to be better than exercise with diet regulations in managing cholesterol of obese among male college students.  Article visualizations

A SURVEY OF INJURIES TO THE SKIERS (SKI PLAYERS) AT GULMARG, JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA

The present study was conducted with purpose to survey the related injuries in university skiers (ski players) at Gulmarg. These injured players were selected as a subject for the present study. Their age was ranging from 19 to 25 years. After screening of 63 questionnaires, only 48 Skiers (ski players) were included in the study. Questionnaire prepared by Cromwell F. J. Walsh Gromely for the elite Gaelic footballers (2000) were develop by researcher and utilized for the present study. Mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to identify the nature, location and the cause of the injury in university skiers (ski players). The study concluded that most of the injuries in the university skiers (ski players). Study concluded that most of the injuries sustained to the lower limb (65.27%), the mostly commonly injured anatomical site was knee (26.38%), and the ankle (21.42%). Upper limb injuries were relatively low (36.10%) of which the shoulders injuries were predominant (19.64%). Regarding the nature of injuries, ligament sprain are the most common injuries in the skiers (ski players). Regarding treatment of injuries, doctors and physiotherapist are the most common attention providers of skiers (ski players).  Article visualizations