Harnessing Neuroimaging Capability in Pediatric Stroke: Proceedings of the Stroke Imaging Laboratory for Children Workshop.

On June 5, 2015 the International Pediatric Stroke Study and the Stroke Imaging Laboratory for Children cohosted a unique workshop focused on developing neuroimaging research in pediatric stroke. Pediatric neurologists, neuroradiologists, interventional neuroradiologists, physicists, nurse practitioners, neuropsychologists, and imaging research scientists from around the world attended this one-day meeting. Our objectives were to (1) establish a group of experts to collaborate in advancing pediatric neuroimaging for stroke, (2) develop consensus clinical and research magnetic resonance imaging protocols for pediatric stroke patients, and (3) develop imaging-based research strategies in pediatric ischemic stroke. This article provides a summary of the meeting proceedings focusing on identified challenges and solutions and outcomes from the meeting. Further details on the workshop contents and outcomes are provided in three additional articles in the current issue of Pediatric Neurology

Recurrent stroke: the role of thrombophilia in a large international pediatric stroke population

Risk factors for arterial ischaemic stroke in children include vasculopathy and prothrombotic risk factors but their relative importance to recurrent stroke is uncertain. Data on recurrent stroke from the databases held in Canada (Toronto), Germany (Kiel-Lubeck/Munster), and UK (London/Southampton) were pooled. Data were available from 894 patients aged 1 month to 18 years at first stroke (median age 6 years) with a median follow-up of 35 months. 160/894 patients (17.9%) had recurrence from 1 day to 136 months after first stroke (median 3.1 months). Among 288 children with vasculopathy, recurrence was significantly more common (hazard ratio (HR) 2.5, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.92-3.5) compared to children without vasculopathy. Adjusting for vasculopathy, isolated antithrombin deficiency (HR 3.9; 95%CI 1.4-10.9), isolated elevated lipoprotein (a) (HR 2.3; 95%CI 1.3-4.1), and the presence of more than one prothrombotic risk (HR 1.9; 95%CI 1.12-3.2) were independently associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Recurrence rates calculated per 100 person-years were 10 (95%CI 3-24) for antithrombin deficiency, 6 (95%CI 4-9) for elevated lipoprotein (a), and 13 (95%CI 7-20) for the presence of more than one prothrombotic risk. Identifying children at increased for second stroke events is important in intensifying measures aimed at preventing recurrent stroke

The influence of pH on the A_2 adenosine receptor

Available from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:D063909 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Sustainable irrigation water management in drip-irrigated tomato grown under greenhouse conditions: Mogadishu/Somalia case study

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Somali-Mogadişu ekolojik koşullarında sera ortamında yetiştirilen ve damla sulamayla sulanan domates bitkisinde sürdürülebilir sulama suyu yönetimini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak, 50 katılımcı ile anket yapılarak uygun sorular yöneltilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, Mogadişu’da toprakların genellikle kumlu ve kumlu-tın bünyeli olduğunu, bu nedenle su tutma kapasitesi yüksek killi toprak getirilerek seralarda üretim yapıldığını göstermiştir. Su kaynağı olarak genellikle kuyu suyu kullanılmaktabu yüzden suya erişim maliyetli ve zor olmaktadır. Mogadişu’nun denize kıyı bir il olması nedeniyle sulama suyu tuzludur. Ülke genelinde damla sulama sistemi unsurları ithal olduğu için ilk kurulum maliyetleride yüksektir. Özel firmalardan temin edilen sulama suyu bir su deposuna aktarıldığından ve aynı zamanda gübreleme amaçlı kullanıldığından yosunlaşmaya neden olmaktadır. Yapılan anketler doğru filtre seçiminin yapılmadığı ve sıklıkla damlatıcıların tıkanma ve laterallerin yırtılma sorunlarıyla karşılaşıldığı belirlenmiştir. Sistem tertipleri genelde uygun bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların büyük bir bölümü damla sulama yöntemini benimsemiştir. Sulama zamanının planlanması konusunda bilgi düzeyleri yeterli olmasa da toprak nemi, iklim özellikleri gibi konularda bilinç düzeyi yüksek olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Domates verimleri sera ortamında yetiştiricilik için düşük bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Mogadişu’da sera ortamında damla sulama yöntemiyle domates tarımı bölge insanları için yeni bir konudur. Mogadişu’nun başkent olmasından dolayı genellikle eğitimli kişilerin olması, sera ortamında yetiştiricilik tecrübelerinin artmasıyla daha iyi sonuçlar alınacağını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, Mogadişu’da zor iklim, toprak ve su koşulları altında, sera ortamında damla sulama koşulları altında domates yetiştiriciliğinin mümkün olduğunu ve ilerleyen zamanlarda daha iyi sonuçlar alınabileceğini göstermektedir.The aim of this study is to evaluate the sustainable irrigation water management in drip-irrigated tomato grown under greenhouse environment ecological conditions in Mogadishu-Somalia. For the purpose of the research, the survey was conducted with 50 participants and appropriate questions were asked. According to the results of the research, the soils in Mogadishu are generally sandy and sandy loam textured, therefore, the production of the greenhouses has been determined by bringing clay textured soil with high water holding capacity. As a water source, well water is often used and access to water is costly and difficult. Since Mogadishu is a coastal state, the irrigation water is salty. Initial installation costs are high because drip irrigation system equipments are imported across the country. Irrigation water supplied from private companies is transferred to a water tank and at the same time is also used for fertilization purposes, algae formation. It has been determined that the correct filter selection has not been made and the drippers often clogging and tearing of the laterals are frequently encountered. System types were generally found to be appropriate. Most of the participants have adopted the method of drip irrigation. Although the level of knowledge about the planning of irrigation time is not sufficient, it is thought that the level of awareness on issues such as soil moisture and climate characteristics is high. Tomato yields were found to be low for greenhouse cultivation environments. As a result, tomato cultivation using drip irrigation in a greenhouse environment is a new topic for local people in Mogadishu. Due to the fact that Mogadishu is the capital city, there are generally educated people and it shows will have better results in increase of cultivation experience in a greenhouse environment. The results of this study show that tomato cultivation is possible in a greenhouse environment, under difficult climate, soil and water conditions, under drip irrigation conditions in and better results can be obtained in the future Mogadishu

Proposal to establish urban continuity and identity along the Jerusalem-Ramallah Road

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-53).by Rima A. Askalan.M.C.P

TLR-3 receptor activation protects the very immature brain from ischemic injury

Abstract Background We have shown that preconditioning by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will result in 90% reduction in ischemic brain damage in P7 rats. This robust LPS neuroprotection was not observed in P3 or P5 pups (corresponding to human premature infant). LPS is a known Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) ligand. We hypothesized that TLRs other than TLR-4 may mediate preconditioning against cerebral ischemic injury in the developing brain. Methods TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, and TLR-9 expression was detected in brain sections from P3, P5, and P7 rats by immuno-staining. In subsequent experiments, P5 rats were randomly assigned to TLR-3 specific agonist, poly I:C, or saline treated group. At 48 h after the injections, hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury was induced by unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia for 65 min. Brains were removed 1 week after HI injury and infarct volumes were compared in H&E stained sections between the two groups. Results TLR-2 and TLR-3 were highly expressed in brains of P3 and P5 but not in P7 rats. The number of TLR-4 positive cells was lower in P3 and P5 compared to P7 brains (P <0.05). TLR-3 was predominately expressed in P5 pups (P <0.05). There was no significant difference in TLR-9 expression in the three age groups. There was a significant reduction in infarct volume (P = 0.01) in poly I:C compared to saline pre-treated P5 pups. Pre-treatment with poly I:C downregulated NF-κB and upregulated IRF3 expression in P5 rat ischemic brains. Pre-treatment with poly I:C did not offer neuroprotection in P7 rat brains. Conclusion TLRs expression and function is developmentally determined. Poly I:C-induced preconditioning against ischemic injury may be mediated by modulation of TLR-3 signaling pathways. This is the first study to show that TLR-3 is expressed in the immature brain and mediates preconditioning against ischemic injury