Synthesis and Antibacterial Property of An Encapsulated Sulfonamide Nanoparticle in a Multidisciplinary Approach

Multigram quantity of a novel Sulfa Drug complex -poly(amido)amine-sulfonamide or PAMAM-Sulfa- was synthesized, from commercially available materials. It was characterized with spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The Kirby-Bauer test was used to test it against gram positive and/or gram negative bacteria using different concentrations of an ethanol solution of the PAMAM-Sulfa complex. The goal of this experiment was to synthesize and study the effect of water soluble encapsulated sulfonamides on common bacteria by undergraduate students engaging in research involving more than one STEM discipline. Students synthesized a dendrimer-sulfonamide complex before evaluating its antibiotic properties. In doing so, students employed research methods that are common to chemistry, biology and nanoscience while also learning about mechanism of infectious diseases, drugs and drug resistance. This project allowed students to combine aspects of scientific research that are usually done separately, and an opportunity to observe the seamlessness of multidisciplinary science

Proteome and Membrane Fatty Acid Analyses on Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5 Grown under Chemolithoautotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions

Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5 T. (DSM 1227, ATCC 49405) is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium able to utilize CO and H2 to derive energy for fixation of CO2. Thus, it is capable of growth using syngas, which is a mixture of varying amounts of CO and H2 generated by organic waste gasification. O. carboxidovorans is capable also of heterotrophic growth in standard bacteriologic media. Here we characterize how the O. carboxidovorans proteome adapts to different lifestyles of chemolithoautotrophy and heterotrophy. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis of O. carboxidovorans grown with acetate or with syngas showed that the bacterium changes membrane fatty acid composition. Quantitative shotgun proteomic analysis of O. carboxidovorans grown in the presence of acetate and syngas showed production of proteins encoded on the megaplasmid for assimilating CO and H2 as well as proteins encoded on the chromosome that might have contributed to fatty acid and acetate metabolism. We found that adaptation to chemolithoautotrophic growth involved adaptations in cell envelope, oxidative homeostasis, and metabolic pathways such as glyoxylate shunt and amino acid/cofactor biosynthetic enzymes

Dietary shift and dysbiosis may trigger mucous stools in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Dietary shifts can result in dysbiosis between the host and its gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota, leading to negative outcomes including inflammation. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are physiologically classified as carnivores; however, they consume a herbivorous diet with dramatic seasonal feeding shifts and episodes of chronic GIT distress with symptoms including abdominal pain, loss of appetite and the excretion of mucous stools (mucoids). These episodes adversely affect the overall nutritional and health status of giant pandas. Here, we examined the fecal microbiota of two giant pandas’ normal and mucoid stools and compared these microbiota to baseline samples from a season with historically few episodes. To identify the microbiota present, we isolated and sequenced 16S rRNA using next-generation sequencing. Mucoids occurred following a seasonal feeding switch from predominately bamboo culm (stalk) to leaves. All fecal samples displayed low diversity and were dominated by bacterial in the phyla Firmicutes and to a lesser extent, the Proteobacteria. Fecal samples immediately prior to mucoid episodes had lower microbial diversity compared to baseline samples, followed by increased diversity in mucoids. Mucoids were mostly comprised of common mucosal-associated taxa including Streptococcus and Leuconostoc species, and exhibited increased abundance for bacteria in the family Pasteurellaceae. Taken together, these findings indicate that diet-induced intestinal dysbiosis in giant pandas likely results in an expulsion of the mucosal lining in the form of mucoids. We suggest that these occurrences serve to reset their GIT microbiota, as giant pandas have retained a carnivorous GIT anatomy while shifting to an herbivorous diet

Implementing solid phase microextraction (SPME) as a tool to detect volatile compounds produced by giant pandas in the environment.

Chemical cues are thought to play an important role in mate identification in the solitary giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The goal of this study was to detect and identify volatile compounds present in the enclosure air of captive giant pandas. We hypothesized that a subset of compounds produced from breeding animals would be detected in environmental samples because highly volatile chemicals are likely to facilitate mate detection. Samples were collected from the enclosures of 8 giant pandas (n = 4 male, n = 4 female) during the Mar-June breeding season and the Aug-Jan non-breeding period from 2012-2015. Volatile compounds were captured by securing a solid phase micro extraction fiber approximately 3 meters above the ground within a panda enclosure for 6-12 hours. Compounds adsorbed onto the SPME fibers were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Thirty-three compounds were detected in at least 10% of all samples within individual and season and across all subjects within each season. Aromatic compounds made up 27.3% of the enclosure volatile profile, while 21.2% was made of cyclic aliphatic compounds and 51.5% of the enclosure profile was comprised of acyclic aliphatic compounds. Three compounds were likely to be present in male enclosures regardless of season, while Undecane, 4-methyl had a significant (p<0.05) predicted probability of being present in female enclosures. 3,3'-(1,1-Ethanediyl)bis(1H-indole) had a significant (p<0.05) probability of occurrence in male enclosures during the breeding season. Given the prevalence of these compounds, we suspect that these chemicals are important in giant panda communication. This novel sampling technique can detect volatile compounds produced by captive species and also may be a useful tool for detecting pheromones in free-ranging individuals

Multitasking Human Lectin Galectin-3 Interacts with Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans and Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans

© 2016 American Chemical Society. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding proteins (GAGBPs), including growth factors, cytokines, morphogens, and extracellular matrix proteins, interact with both free GAGs and those covalently linked to proteoglycans. Such interactions modulate a variety of cellular and extracellular events, such as cell growth, metastasis, morphogenesis, neural development, and inflammation. GAGBPs are structurally and evolutionarily unrelated proteins that typically recognize internal sequences of sulfated GAGs. GAGBPs are distinct from the other major group of glycan binding proteins, lectins. The multifunctional human galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside binding lectin that preferentially binds to N-acetyllactosamine moieties on glycoconjugates. Here, we demonstrate through microcalorimetric and spectroscopic data that Gal-3 possesses the characteristics of a GAGBP. Gal-3 interacts with unmodified heparin, chondroitin sulfate-A (CSA), -B (CSB), and -C (CSC) as well as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). While heparin, CSA, and CSC bind with micromolar affinity, the affinity of CSPGs is nanomolar. Significantly, CSA, CSC, and a bovine CSPG were engaged in multivalent binding with Gal-3 and formed noncovalent cross-linked complexes with the lectin. Binding of sulfated GAGs was completely abolished when Gal-3 was preincubated with β-lactose. Cross-linking of Gal-3 by CSA, CSC, and the bovine CSPG was reversed by β-lactose. Both observations strongly suggest that GAGs primarily occupy the lactose/LacNAc binding site of Gal-3. Hill plot analysis of calorimetric data reveals that the binding of CSA, CSC, and a bovine CSPG to Gal-3 is associated with progressive negative cooperativity effects. Identification of Gal-3 as a GAGBP should help to reveal new functions of Gal-3 mediated by GAGs and proteoglycans

Glycan-Dependent Mutual and Reversible Sequestration of Two Thyroid Cancer Biomarkers

© 2015 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Background: Thyroglobulin (Tg), the major thyroidal protein, plays important roles in thyroid hormone biosynthesis and in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Tg also serves as a pre-and postoperative biomarker of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The endogenous β-galactoside binding lectin galectin-3 (Gal-3), secreted by transformed thyroid cells, has been shown to be another useful biomarker of DTC. Tg contains covalently linked complex-type glycans that can serve as binding epitopes of Gal-3. The objective of the study is to investigate the interaction between Tg and Gal-3 and discuss its potential consequences. Methods: Binding interaction between Tg and Gal-3 was first studied by hemagglutination inhibition assays. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of binding thermodynamics was carried out by isothermal titration calorimetry. Quantitative precipitation was performed to study the complex formation between Tg and Gal-3 and to determine the binding stoichiometry. The concentration-dependent rate and amount of complex formation between Tg and Gal-3 was examined spectrophotometrically. A similar approach was taken to study the effect of free Tg and Gal-3 on preformed Tg-Gal-3 complex. Results: Quantitative biochemical and biophysical data show that these two biomarkers produced by thyroid cancer cells interact with each other with submicromolar affinity and form an insoluble complex at their stoichiometric concentration. One Tg molecule could bind up to 14 molecules of Gal-3. Such complex formation mutually sequestered both Tg and Gal-3, decreasing the concentration of their freely available forms. Formation of the Tg-Gal-3 complex was reversible as the preformed complex was dissolved by free Tg as well as free Gal-3. While free Tg rapidly dissolved preformed Tg-Gal-3 complex in a concentration-dependent manner, Gal-3 was found to be much less efficient and slowly dissolved only a fraction of the preformed complex at a relatively higher Gal-3 concentration. Conclusions: Complex formation between Tg and Gal-3 through high affinity binding and the sensitivity of the complex to free Tg and Gal-3 can potentially influence their biological functions. Interactions between Tg and Gal-3 might also interfere with their clinical detection, the same way Tg autoantibody (TgAb) is reported to interfere with Tg assays. The data support a model of Gal-3-mediated homeostatic process of Tg

Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon and CO2 Flux under Cover Crop and No-Till Management in Soybean Cropping Systems of the Mid-South (USA)

The transition of natural landscapes to agricultural uses has resulted in severe loss of soil organic carbon, significantly contributing to CO2 emissions and rising global temperatures. However, soil has the largest store of terrestrial carbon (C), a considerable sink and effective strategy for climate change mitigation if managed properly. Cover crops (CC) and no-till (NT) management are two management strategies that are known to increase percent organic carbon (%OC); however, adoption of these practices has been low in the mid-South due to lack of region-specific research and resistance to unproven practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of CC-NT treatments in soybean cropping systems on soil percent organic carbon (%OC) and CO2 flux following long-term implementation. Results showed significantly greater %OC in NT (1.27% &plusmn; 0.03) than reduced till (RT; 1.10% &plusmn; 0.03; p &lt; 0.001) and greater in both CC (rye: 1.23% &plusmn; 0.03, rye + clover: 1.22% &plusmn; 0.03) than no cover (1.11% &plusmn; 0.03; p &lt; 0.001). Bacterial abundance (p = 0.005) and pH (p = 0.006) were significant predictors of %OC. There was no overall significant difference in CO2 flux between tillage or CC treatments; however, there were significant differences between NT and RT in July of 2020 when %RH increased (p &lt; 0.001). Bacterial abundance negatively impacted CO2 flux (p &lt; 0.05), which contradicts most studies. The rate of proportional change and pattern of variability in C pools suggested loss of %OC in RT treatments that were not apparent when considering %OC alone. The results of this study provide valuable insight into C turnover and the effectiveness of CC use in the Mid-South to increase soil C stocks

Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon and CO₂ Flux under Cover Crop and No-Till Management in Soybean Cropping Systems of the Mid-South (USA)

The transition of natural landscapes to agricultural uses has resulted in severe loss of soil organic carbon, significantly contributing to CO2 emissions and rising global temperatures. However, soil has the largest store of terrestrial carbon (C), a considerable sink and effective strategy for climate change mitigation if managed properly. Cover crops (CC) and no-till (NT) management are two management strategies that are known to increase percent organic carbon (%OC); however, adoption of these practices has been low in the mid-South due to lack of region-specific research and resistance to unproven practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of CC-NT treatments in soybean cropping systems on soil percent organic carbon (%OC) and CO2 flux following long-term implementation. Results showed significantly greater %OC in NT (1.27% ± 0.03) than reduced till (RT; 1.10% ± 0.03; p p p = 0.005) and pH (p = 0.006) were significant predictors of %OC. There was no overall significant difference in CO2 flux between tillage or CC treatments; however, there were significant differences between NT and RT in July of 2020 when %RH increased (p 2 flux (p < 0.05), which contradicts most studies. The rate of proportional change and pattern of variability in C pools suggested loss of %OC in RT treatments that were not apparent when considering %OC alone. The results of this study provide valuable insight into C turnover and the effectiveness of CC use in the Mid-South to increase soil C stocks

Reduced Herbicide Antagonism of Grass Weed Control through Spray Application Technique

Dicamba and 2,4-D tolerance traits were introduced to soybean and cotton, allowing for over the top applications of these herbicides. Avoiding antagonism of glyphosate and clethodim by dicamba or 2,4-D is necessary to achieve optimum weed control. Three field studies were conducted in fallow fields with broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) pressure. A tractor-mounted dual boom sprayer was modified to spray one of three application methods: (1) two herbicides tanked-mixed (TMX); (2) two herbicides in separate tanks mixed in the boom line (MIL); and (3) two herbicides in separate tanks applied through separate booms simultaneously (SPB). One study compared the three application methods with sethoxydim applied with bentazon, the second compared clethodim applied with dicamba or 2,4-D, and the third compared glyphosate applied with dicamba or 2,4-D. In most cases over all three trials, there was a 7&ndash;15% increase in efficacy when using the SPB application method. Antagonism of all the herbicide combinations above was observed when applied using the TMX and MIL methods. In some cases, antagonism was avoided when using the SPB method. The separate boom application method increased efficacy, which allowed herbicides to be used more effectively, resulting in improved economic and environmental sustainability of herbicide applications